How can a covalent compound such as HCl generate ions in solution?
In hydrogen chloride, the H-Cl single covalent bond is highly polarized, due to the difference in electronegativity between H and Cl. The chlorine atom carries a partial negative charge (ð-) while the hydrogen atom carries a partial positive charge (ð-). When hydrogen chloride is dissolved in water, the polar nature of water molecules makes water interact with these partial charges in HCl, and it favors the rupture of the H-Cl, generating Cl- anion and H+ cation. This type of bond dissocation in which one of the elements keeps the shared electrons and ions are produced is called Heterolytic bond cleavage or ionization
H-Cl(aq) → Cl-(aq) + H+(aq)
You are viewing: Which Compound Is An Arrhenius Base
The formation of these ions is also stabilized by the water, by ion-dipole interactions.
In order to undergo ionization producing H+, the H atom must be attached to a highly electronegative element such as halogen (group 17 in the periodic table), or O, such as in the case of polyatomic acids, like HNO3 (the H is attached to one of the oxygen atoms, not the N. Remember Lewis structures?)
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Table (PageIndex{1}) lists some Arrhenius acids and their names.
Table (PageIndex{1}) Some Arrhenius Acids Formula Name HC2H3O2 (also written CH3COOH) acetic acid HClO3 chloric acid HCl hydrochloric acid HBr hydrobromic acid HI hydriodic acid HF hydrofluoric acid HNO3 nitric acid H2C2O4 oxalic acid HClO4 perchloric acid H3PO4 phosphoric acid H2SO4 sulfuric acid H2SO3 sulfurous acid
An Arrhenius base is a compound that increases the OH− ion concentration in aqueous solution. Ionic compounds of the OH− ion are classic Arrhenius bases. All hydroxides, such as NaOH and Ca(OH)2 are considered Arrhenius bases. Hydroxides are ionic compounds; therefore they undergo dissociation in water producing OH- (also sometimes written as HO- to indicate that the negative charge is carried by the oxygen atom) anion:
NaOH(aq)→ Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)
Ca(OH)2(aq) → Ca2+(aq) + 2 HO-(aq)
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This is in line with the general properties of ionic compounds. In this case, also water molecules stabilized the formation of cations and anions by ion-diple interactions.
Acids have some properties in common. They turn litmus, a plant extract, red. They react with some metals to give off H2 gas. They react with carbonate and hydrogen carbonate salts to give off CO2 gas. Acids that are ingested typically have a sour, sharp taste. (The name acid comes from the Latin word acidus, meaning “sour.”) Bases also have some properties in common. They are slippery to the touch, turn litmus blue, and have a bitter flavor if ingested.
Acids and bases have another property: they react with each other to make water and an ionic compound called a salt. A salt, in chemistry, is any ionic compound made by combining an acid with a base. A reaction between an acid and a base is called a neutralization reaction and can be represented as:
acid + base → H2O + salt
The stoichiometry of the balanced chemical equation depends on the number of H+ ions in the acid and the number of OH− ions in the base.
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