Who was Isaiah’s father?
Amoz is one of those Biblical figures that is connected to prominent figures in the Bible, but himself is someone that we know very little about. Explicitly he is only mentioned a handful of times – thirteen to be exact – and they’re all in reference to Isaiah: “Isaiah, Son of Amoz”. We really only know one other thing, which is that in Hebrew, the name “Amoz” (אָמוֹץ) means “strong”. Some traditions in Talmudic Judaism hold that Amoz was the “man of God” as referenced in Chronicles 25:7-9, but there isn’t a consensus about that in Christianity. What’s most important about Amoz, from the Biblical literature, is that he was the father of the man who was considered one of the greatest prophets of all time, Isaiah.
The Prophet Isaiah son of Amoz
Isaiah is perhaps the most influential writer of the Old Testament. He was a prophet who prophesied during the reigns of four of the kings of Judah in the eighth century B.C. His prophecies are recorded the Book of Isaiah and were so full of imagery about the coming of Christ that the later church fathers would refer to Isaiah as “the fifth gospel”. St. Jerome said that Isaiah “should be called an evangelist rather than a prophet because he describes all the mysteries of Christ and the Church so clearly that you would think he is composing a history of what has already happened rather than prophesying about what is to come”. St. Gregory of Nyssa wrote that Isaiah “knew more perfectly than all others the mystery of the religion of the Gospel”. St. Augustine thought he was more “plainly a foreteller of the Gospel and the calling of the Gentiles” than any of the other prophets.
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And, indeed, many of the most important parallels between the old and new testaments are found in Isaiah. The virgin birth of Christ is linked to Isaiah 7:14, “Therefore the Lord himself shall give you a sign; Behold, the young woman shall conceive, and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel”. Isaiah also speaks of the atonement of Christ when he writes, “But he was wounded for our transgressions, he was bruised for our iniquities: the chastisement of our peace was upon him, and with his stripes we are healed” (53:5). In the New Testament, St. Peter refers to the Jews who reject Christ (1 Peter 2:8), referencing the language from Isaiah 8:14 about Christ being a stumbling block to Israel. And these are just three examples of what amounts to a very long list of messianic prophecies.
Isaiah’s writings are also the source of many of our common phrases, both in theology but also imagery that has come into pop-culture usage. There are names for Jesus like “Immanuel” (7:15), “prince of peace” (9:6), “a light to the nations” (42:6), “a man of sorrows” (53:3), and “the Key of David” (22:22). There is the famous reference to John the Baptist: “a voice crying in the wilderness” (40:3). There are important references to commonly-accepted theological beliefs, like “a new heaven and a new earth” (65:17) and “good news to the poor” (61:1). There are even common phrases like “the wolf dwelling with the lamb” (11:6-9), “there is no rest for the wicked” (48:22, 57:21), and “swords into ploughshares” (2:4), references that permeate our culture, even so far as to be alluded to in popular games like League of Legends (the wolf and the lamb), Genshin Impact (no rest for the wicked), and Magic the Gathering (swords to ploughshares).
Different ways to read the Book of Isaiah
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Of course, not everyone reads Isaiah as a prophecy for the coming of Jesus. The main opponents of this reading are Orthodox Jews, who follow the Pharisee-initiated tradition of Rabbinic Judaism. If you look up interpretations of Isaiah, the most common you’ll find are arguably Christian readings, but the other interpretation you might find are Rabbinic Jews trying to demonstrate that Isaiah does not reference Jesus, including some who are quite emphatic about it.
The main kinds of arguments they make have to do with the language in scripture. This argument is complicated by the fact that the standard version of the Old Testament used at the time of Jesus and his apostles was a Greek translation of the Hebrew scriptures. A lot of these arguments are very technical and could be overwhelming to a lay reader, who might feel that he or she needs to learn Greek and Hebrew and become a scholar in order to even begin having an opinion about them. Fortunately, these kinds of arguments somewhat miss the point. The real issue about interpreting prophecy – or any passage of the Bible – comes down to one important question: what is your standard for interpretation?
Another way of saying this is that – contrary to popular belief – evidence can’t really stand on its own, it always has to be interpreted. So whether or not a particular passage in the Old Testament is really a prophecy about Christ or not is something that’s going to depend on the lens you use to interpret that passage.
I am the truth.
It’s important to remember that the first Christians were also Jews. They knew the prophecies of Isaiah and the Hebrew scriptures inside and out. Then they encountered this man Jesus, and it was out of their personal encounter with him that they began to read the Old Testament in a particular way. It was on that basis that they wrote their gospel accounts, which feature regular references to passages in Isaiah because they saw these passages as referring to Jesus.
Yet the gospel accounts show us that even these men who very much loved and believed in Jesus were slow to understand how the prophecies applied to Christ. In the famous passage from Luke about the Road to Emmaus, Jesus appears to the disciples after his resurrection and they don’t even recognize him – even though they knew him personally and intimately – because their hearts weren’t ready to understand what had happened. This shows how even something that seems to be quite obvious physically (such as your best friend appearing right in front of you) can be something that we can be blind to, not because we’re “stupid” but because our spirits can be darkened. In other words, insight and knowledge have as much a spiritual component to them as an intellectual or physical component.
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An important part of the Emmaus episode is that Jesus interprets the scriptures for his disciples. Indeed, Jesus tells them, “how foolish you are and how slow to believe all that the prophets have spoken!” (Luke 24:25). It’s no irony that it takes Christ himself personally interpreting the scriptures for the disciples to be able to understand the Hebrew scriptures correctly. But this is basic to the entire Christian idea of truth. For Christians, it isn’t that Jesus’ teachings are the correct teachings – as with the claims of many other religious teachers. The claim is that Jesus is the truth itself. “I am the way, the truth, and the life”, as he explains it (John 14:6). For Christians, truth is not a disembodied piece of data, truth is a person, which is why in order to know truth, you have to have a personal relationship with truth himself.
However, one important and often overlooked element in this personal relationship is that you are also a participant in such a relationship. This means you have to be able to have a relationship to the truth insofar as you’re ready for it. If you hate someone, for example, it’s going to be hard for you to understand that person truly because everything you might learn about him or her is going to be colored by your disdain and hatred. Or if there’s something that you very much don’t want to be true – for whatever reason – that’s going to make you more resistant to accepting that that thing is true. People who are in pain generally have these symptoms: if someone or something hurt you, that actually changes your approach to truth, how open you are to certain truths, and ultimately your ability to see the world as it really is, rather than as you want it to be.
Purification through fire
Fittingly, the book of Isaiah itself gives us a clear picture of this. Isaiah records how his prophecy began, with a powerful vision of God: “In the year that King Uzziah died, I saw the Lord, high and exalted, seated on a throne; and the train of his robe filled the temple. Above him were seraphim, each with six wings: With two wings they covered their faces, with two they covered their feet, and with two they were flying. And they were calling to one another: ‘Holy, holy, holy is the Lord Almighty; the whole earth is full of his glory’. At the sound of their voices the doorposts and thresholds shook and the temple was filled with smoke” (Isaiah 6:1-4). But what is Isaiah’s reaction to this? It’s to see himself as unprepared to receive truth – not because he’s intellectually inferior, but because he’s spiritually deficient. He replies, “’Woe to me!’ I cried. ‘I am ruined! For I am a man of unclean lips, and I live among a people of unclean lips, and my eyes have seen the King, the Lord Almighty’” (6:5).
What happens next? “Then one of the seraphim flew to me with a live coal in his hand, which he had taken with tongs from the altar. With it he touched my mouth and said, ‘See, this has touched your lips; your guilt is taken away and your sin atoned for’” (6:6-7). This imagery is about spiritual purity and impurity, where the highest rank of angel (a seraphim) burns away Isaiah’s uncleanliness, purifying his lips, which prepares him to speak the truth and deliver God’s prophecies. One of the most important things Isaiah shows us – along with all his other beautiful and powerful prophecies – is how fundamentally important it is to be spiritually pure as a prerequisite for encountering the truth.
The full story of who Amoz was or what he was like is probably lost to history. That said, Amoz gave the world a powerful gift in the form of his son – the prophet Isaiah.
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