1. Ensure Safety
Before offering assistance, ensure the safety of both yourself and the injured person. If the situation is hazardous, wait for professional help to arrive.
2. Assess the Severity
Determine the severity of the bleeding:
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- Minor Bleeding: For minor cuts and scrapes, use clean, disposable gloves if available, and proceed to clean and cover the wound.
- Moderate Bleeding: For moderate bleeding, apply direct pressure to the wound with a clean cloth, sterile gauze, or your hand.
- Severe Bleeding: In cases of severe bleeding, prioritize stopping the bleed immediately. This often involves more direct pressure, elevation, and possibly the use of a tourniquet (as a last resort).
3. Call for Help
In cases of severe bleeding or if the bleeding doesn’t stop with initial measures, call 911 or the emergency services number in your area. Time is critical in severe bleeding situations.
4. Elevate the Wound (if applicable)
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If the bleeding is coming from an extremity (arm or leg), raise it above heart level. This can help reduce the flow of blood to the injured area and slow down bleeding.
5. Apply Direct Pressure
Use a clean cloth, sterile gauze, or your hand to apply firm and steady pressure directly over the wound. Maintain this pressure for at least 10-15 minutes, even if the bleeding slows down or appears to stop.
6. Use a Tourniquet (as a Last Resort)
A tourniquet should only be used in extreme cases where direct pressure and elevation have failed, and there is a risk of exsanguination (life-threatening blood loss). To use a tourniquet:
- Place it 2-3 inches above the bleeding site.
- Tighten it until the bleeding stops.
- Mark the time it was applied.
- Do not remove it; this should be done by medical professionals.
7. Dress and Bandage the Wound
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Once the bleeding is under control, clean the wound gently with mild soap and water. Apply an appropriate dressing, such as sterile gauze or a clean cloth, and secure it with a sterile bandage or tape. Be careful not to disturb any blood clots that have formed.
8. Monitor for Shock
Bleeding can lead to shock. Keep the injured person lying down, elevate their legs (unless there are suspected spinal injuries), and cover them with a blanket to maintain body temperature. Monitor their breathing and pulse while waiting for professional help.
9. Prevent Infection
To reduce the risk of infection, advise the injured person to keep the wound clean and dry. They should seek medical attention for wound evaluation and possible antibiotics if the wound is deep or dirty.
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