amino acid: a monomer of a protein
carbohydrate: a biological macromolecule in which the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is 1:2:1; carbohydrates serve as energy sources and structural support in cells
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cellulose: a polysaccharide that makes up the cell walls of plants and provides structural support to the cell
chitin: a type of carbohydrate that forms the outer skeleton of arthropods, such as insects and crustaceans, and the cell walls of fungi
denaturation: the loss of shape in a protein as a result of changes in temperature, pH, or exposure to chemicals
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): a double-stranded polymer of nucleotides that carries the hereditary information of the cell
disaccharide: two sugar monomers that are linked together by a peptide bond
enzyme: a catalyst in a biochemical reaction that is usually a complex or conjugated protein
fat: a lipid molecule composed of three fatty acids and a glycerol (triglyceride) that typically exists in a solid form at room temperature
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glycogen: a storage carbohydrate in animals
hormone: a chemical signaling molecule, usually a protein or steroid, secreted by an endocrine gland or group of endocrine cells; acts to control or regulate specific physiological processes
lipids: a class of macromolecules that are nonpolar and insoluble in water
macromolecule: a large molecule, often formed by polymerization of smaller monomers
monosaccharide: a single unit or monomer of carbohydrates
nucleic acid: a biological macromolecule that carries the genetic information of a cell and carries instructions for the functioning of the cell
nucleotide: a monomer of nucleic acids; contains a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
oil: an unsaturated fat that is a liquid at room temperature
phospholipid: a major constituent of the membranes of cells; composed of two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to the glycerol backbone
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polypeptide: a long chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
polysaccharide: a long chain of monosaccharides; may be branched or unbranched
protein: a biological macromolecule composed of one or more chains of amino acids
ribonucleic acid (RNA): a single-stranded polymer of nucleotides that is involved in protein synthesis
saturated fatty acid: a long-chain hydrocarbon with single covalent bonds in the carbon chain; the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton is maximized
starch: a storage carbohydrate in plants
steroid: a type of lipid composed of four fused hydrocarbon rings
trans-fat: a form of unsaturated fat with the hydrogen atoms neighboring the double bond across from each other rather than on the same side of the double bond
triglyceride: a fat molecule; consists of three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule
unsaturated fatty acid: a long-chain hydrocarbon that has one or more than one double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain
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