1. Introduction
Nowadays, the potential transmission routes of the SARS-CoV-2 and the resulting infections are still not clear. However, the problem is not about the quantity of investigations that have been carried out. In November 21, 2020, the number of studies on COVID-19 available in PubMed (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) raised to 76,103, with a continuous daily increase. The vast majority of documents have been published in 2020, with only a few papers belonging to 2019, while an increasing number are already dated in 2021. This scientific production is tremendously high when compared with other respiratory viruses, such as influenza. To date, there are 137,047 articles available at PubMed, which in turn have been published from the 19th century. Without any doubt, in the past no other disease has received so much attention in such a short space of time.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2020a), SARS-CoV-2 is mainly transmitted through person-to-person close contact (<1.5-2.0 m), as well as by aerosol respiratory droplets smaller than 5 μm of diameter. Obviously, taking into account that SARS-CoV-2 is a respiratory virus, airways are key for the infection person-to-person (Rothan and Byrareddy, 2020). Moreover, several studies on the airborne transmission of this coronavirus have been also recently conducted (Buonanno et al., 2020; Morawska and Cao, 2020; Morawska et al., 2020; Yao et al., 2020a, 2020b). In particular, the transport of droplet aerosols generated by infected individuals is an issue of considerable concern and importance, which should be taken into account to reduce the risk of infections (Kohanski et al., 2020; Lee, 2020; Miller et al., 2020: Nissen et al., 2020; Zhou and Ji, 2021). On the other hand, recent studies on the role of air pollution on the spread and lethality of the coronavirus have also attracted a notable attention (Bontempi, 2020; Coccia, 2020; Copat et al., 2020; Domingo et al., 2020; Domingo and Rovira, 2020). It is hypothesized that certain air pollutants – mainly particulate matter (PM2.5 and other small PMs) – can carry SARS-CoV-2 attached, which could be involved in the spread of COVID-19. In this sense, Setti et al. (2020a) raised the question whether 2 m of interpersonal distance would be enough to avoid the person-to-person transmission of the coronavirus. In recent months, a number of studies on this topic have been conducted (Adhikari and Yin, 2020; Comunian et al., 2020; Marquès et al., 2020; Setti et al., 2020b,c,d; Yao et al., 2020a, 2020b; Zoran et al., 2020).
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In addition to the abovementioned routes of transmission of SARS-CoV-2, there are some other routes of infection which have to be explored. Among them, there might be the transmissibility via contaminated surfaces and hands. This paper was aimed at reviewing the scientific information currently available in PubMed (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) and Scopus (https://www.scopus.com/) databases until November 21, 2020. The used combination of keywords was as follows: “infected surfaces” and “COVID-19”; “infected surfaces” and “SARS-CoV-2”; “inanimate surfaces” and “COVID-19”; “inanimate surfaces” and “SARS-CoV-2”; “inert surfaces” and “COVID-19”; “inert surfaces” and “SARS-CoV-2”.
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