2A photograph shows Turkey’s first diplomat to be declared persona non grata wearing a vested tartan suit with a dark tie and matching pocket square, a Homburg hat, and winter gloves. While Ayşegül Sever alleges, “the Egyptians-in expelling Tugay-disregarded the accepted norms of international law by withdrawing [his] diplomatic immunity before he left the country” (2016 : 128, no. 14), evidence suggests the Turkish ambassador used the guise of diplomacy to represent ex-Ottoman interests in Egypt; in this sense, he was a “phantom of Empire.”
3Evidence such as this photograph contributes to a larger revisionist push to undo methodological nationalisms in Cold War history (Provence 2011, 2017). Historians Fabien Oppermann (2019) and Claude Hourdel (2011) points to the Château de Champs-sur-Marne as a designated residence for Africa’s postcolonial heads of state. Champs-sur-Marne’s first official guest was the Sultan of Morocco Mohammed V and his family (Hourdel 2011, p. 32); this building (confiscated by the Crown, sold to the King’s natural daughter, eventually donated to the State for a presidential residence) offers metaphors for diplomacy during the first decade of the United Nations (Oppermann 2019). Such compelling observations as those of Oppermann and Hourdel inspire queries regarding institutions and laws from three distinct historical periods-from Egypt’s Ottoman rulers, through the World War II, and into the era of New Nations (Bradley 2012; Laurens 1999, Westad 2012).
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7Tugay’s father’s military profession encouraged personal allegiances and fluid structures (Pierce, 1993, p. 26). Educated at Lycée Saint-Joseph, then Lycée Saint-Michel, then the Imperial Lycée de Galatsaray, Tugay chose to study military medicine. As his bride, he chose the daughter of Mahmud Muhtar Paşa, a minister in Ibrahim Hakkı Paşa’s cabinet responsible for commissioning Reşadiye-class (“dreadnought”) battleships for a revitalized Ottoman Navy (Hills and Bell, n.d.; Seligmann, 2016).
8Tugay chose his bride from the Ottoman Imperial family’s Egyptian branch. Emine Dürriye Hanım Effendi was the eldest child and only daughter of Ni’matu’llah Hanım Effendi, called “Princess Nimet”, herself youngest daughter of Isma’il Paşa (Khedive of Egypt, 1863-1879). Having chosen a strategy of endogamous marriage for sons (Cuno, 2015: 36), the daughters in Khedive Ismail’s family were free to marry men of lesser status, and Princess Nimet chose a commoner who had earned military rank.
9During 1904, Princess Nimet moved her daughter Emine Hanım from Tokmak burnu to the Mermer konak. In his memoirs, Khedive Abbas Hilmi II considered his grandfather Ismail’s “stained glass and Italian marble and … European furniture” in dual contexts: both in terms of “lavish celebrations of the inauguration of the Suez Canal -as well as Ismail’s programs’ – questionable benefit to Egypt and its people” (Sonbol, 1998 : 5). In the move, she took “high mirrors in elaborate carved gilt frames, with matching marble-topped tables, and an upholstered drawing room set of massive carved mahogany” from her father’s residence as if they were her personal possessions (Davis, 1986 : 213).
10Marriage and real estate were loose connections between Istanbul’s suburbs and Egypt’s royals. Khedival wealth derived from a land-grab, that used administrative measures to extend the rule of law. Historian F. Robert Hunter explains nineteenth century Egypt’s official procedures: the Khedive “would send,” he relates, “an order to a provincial governor or to his inspector general, who was requested to locate and delimit a specified amount of land and to send a statement to the Department of Finance, which would issue a title deed (taqsit) to the new owner” (1982 : 106). Consequently, gendered practices developed around this new form of wealth, as when a man married a woman, using her hundred feddan as security when he leased land (Abaza, 2013 : 121).
12During World War I, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers. The United Kingdom declared a protectorate over Egypt, deporting the last Khedive ‘Abbās Ḥilmī pasha (son of Tewfik paşa) to Geneva, then granting his uncle Hussein Kamel (Khedive Ismail’s second son) the title of “Sultan.” Even after the Empire’s collapse, Turkish language indicates the continuing connections between the Ottoman imperial family and Egypt. Princess Nimet was youngest sister of King Fuad, “the last sovereign of Egypt at whose court Turkish was spoken” (Tugay, 1963 : 62).
13After the war, a constitution granted Egypt an independent monarchy (1923). The nation’s new constitution permitted a Regent (art. 41) and Council of Ministers (art. 55) to share tasks of public administration. Egypt’s constitution, while it prohibited government ministers from buying or renting state property (art. 64), placed no such restrictions on the royal family. Inheritance of the throne was exempt from legislative control (art. 156); and all “rights of royal dignity” were preserved (art. 158).
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14When the Kemalist government deported the Imperial family from İstanbul (1924), Prince Şehzade Ömer Faruk Efendi moved to France. Son of the last caliph Abdulmecid Efendi, he was descended from Mehmed VI Vahideddin as well. According to a relative, he convened a “family council” consisting of his cousin-once-removed and wife Sabiha Sultan, their relative the grandson of Sultan Murad V Osman Fuad, and a former cabinet minister. The purpose of this “family council” was to pay children’s school fees, and identify suitable marriage partners for daughters outside France. This was the case for two daughters, Sahiba Hatice Hayriye Ayşe Dürrüşehvar Sultan, and Sahiba Niloufer Khanum Sultan, who married two sons of the Nizam of Hyderabad (Basaran, 2019). After the wedding, the brides’ family members became eligible for Hyderabad civil list pensions (Bardakçı, 2017 : 124).
16Egypt’s constitution guaranteed King Fuad a civil list income of £E (egyptian pounds) 150,000 a year (art. 160). His cousin and first wife Princess Şivekâr İbrahim received slightly less than three-quarters the amount he did, as did each member of his family (art. 161). With this income, the Princess entertained lavishly throughout her life, with “colored tents in her glorious park, with French, Italian, and Russian food” (Fahmy, 2006: 23). The newly-rich royal family offered possible marriage partners to recently deported Şehzade Ömer Faruk Efendi and his daughters.
17The Ottoman relatives’ poverty (Raafat, 1994: 120) prompted his family – Neslişah Sultan, Hanzade Sultan, and Nagla-Hebatullah Sultan – to leave France. They moved into a modest stucco villa in Maadi, a half-hour’s drive from the Egypt’s king’s Qobba Palace (Raafat, 1994: 120). At the four-hundred-room Qobba, nothing – not King Fuad I and Queen Nazli Sabri’s unhappy marriage, not the King’s unexpected heart attack and death during April 1936 – was permitted to subdue a steady hum of gaiety.
18Among Egypt’s royal family, Emine Hanım’s “tinkling, delightful laugh” accompanied events leading to World War II (Hassan, 2000: 42). As Austrian police raided the headquarters of the local Nazi Party, King Farouk celebrated marriage with Queen Farida at the Qobba; while German troops marched into Czechoslovakia, his sister Princess Fawzia joined Mohamed Reza Pahlavi Shah of Iran in a spectacular wedding (Raafat 2000). Luckily, Egypt’s Constitution’s provision for a regency council permitted Egypt’s royal family and their Imperial Ottoman relatives to host and attend raucous parties.
20In Marg, initially part of a Khedival hunting lodge, four date trees stood in front of the house (Dalīl, 1952, 348). Princess Nimet (King Fuad’s youngest sister who absconded with the furniture at Tokmak burnu yalı), supplemented her Egyptian civil list income when at Marg she “rebuilt part of the village with two-floored buildings” while her husband the military officer collected rents (Tugay, 1963: 69; Hassan, 2002: 39). From local tenants’ payments, Princess Nimet supervised construction of a terrace around the former hunting lodge.
21A relative recalled: “grounds that were partly desert and marsh”; later, the marshes were drained, and gardeners created lawns, a golf course, tennis courts, and fruit groves surrounded by hedges (Hassan, 2010 : 89). A relative described the estate, “not a leaf out of place, not a grain of red sand in disorder; no detail was too small to escape [Princess Nimet’s] notice, and it was this careful supervision that gave the place the air of a royal residence” (Hassan, 2002 : 89).
22Humblebragging, Princess Nimet called this home the “palais Sheykh Mansour ”, deeding it over to her daughter Emine Hanım as a wedding gift (Hassan, 2000: 43); self-deprecatingly, the bride continued to describe it as “the smallest of my great-grandfather’s houses, a shooting-box” (Tugay, 1963: 99). While Parisians traded ration cards for eggs and Londoners used subway platforms as bomb shelters, Princess Nimet entertained lavishly, having a “huge marquee” set up on her terrace, “divided up into different sections, dining rooms, drawing rooms, all arranged with taste and perfectionism” at Marg (Hassan, 2000 : 42). At Emine Hanım’s house, servants greeted family and guests with a “deep téménah – a particularly Turkish way of bowing in which the right hand reaches toward the ground and then up to the chin and the forehead” (Hassan, 2000: 45, 127).
28At Qobba Palace receptions, Ömer Faruk succeeded in identifying suitable marriage partners from the Egyptian royal family for his three daughters. The eldest of Ömer Faruk’s daughters paired with her third cousin, Abbas Hilmi II’s son and heir apparent to Egypt’s throne, Prince Muhammad Abdel Moneim Bey Effendi; the second married Prince Muhammad ‘Ali Ibrahim Bey Effendi; and the third, Prince Amr Ibrahim Bey Effendi (Hassan, 2000 : 108). Just as Princess Nimet had helped herself to Khedival furniture, including “heavy gilt mirrors with sculptured trophies”, Ömer Faruk Efendi’s daughter Neslişah Sultan searched royal properties around Cairo for heirlooms.
38While the legal status of “diplomatic immunity” remained subject to local circumstances around the world, Tugay’s personal status contributed to successful conclusion of a trade agreement with Egypt that Turkey so desperately needed. In Cairo, Tugay extended his government’s invitation to join a Middle East Defense Organization, first to Egypt’s Foreign Minister, then President Neguib (Bilgin, 2007:198-199). When Egypt’s Regency ended, the “Free Officers” who ruled Egypt’s new Republic took swift measures against the royal family and their Osmanoğlu cousins, and law no. 178 (1952) passed through the legislature.
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44Officially, the issue was closed.
46The first part of “the ambassador’s revenge” addresses Tugay and the U.K.’s ambassador in Egypt, Sir Ralph Clarmont Skrine Stevenson. Since the disagreement between Egypt and Turkey had been reconciled, any revenge exacted by the ex-ambassador was purely personal, against Stevenson. Historian Michael Thornhill notes U.K. prime minister Anthony Eden made a series of statements that his nation’s “interests demand[ing] the removal of Nasser from power”, After the Egyptian and Turkish ministries of foreign affairs reconciled, without any indication of concurrence from the Embassy in Cairo.
50In French, one synonym for “fantôme” is “ombre,” or l’Hombre, a card game popular at the dawn of modern diplomacy. Against two opponents, the player who states: Yo soy el hombre (“I am the man”) declares a winning suit. Did Tugay help the U.K. and U.S. alliance develop a new policy, to bring down the Free Officers’ government?
55Again, whether what would later be called “the Suez War” stemmed from “family connections” among the Imperial Ottomans, is a hitherto-neglected question. Nuri reassured his host – so long as France, the U.K., and the U.S. remained united, and Israel was not involved – all would be well (Kyle, 1991 : 147). The ex-Ottoman’s Iraqi advice to Eden, “hit Nasser and hit him hard”, is well-documented (Alexander, 2005: 86; Jankowski, 2002: 84; Kunz, 1991: 76); later in the summer, with Hikmat Sulaiman, Nuri claimed the idea to “hit” Nasser; and Eden told a member of the House of Commons the idea was Nuri’s (Hadid, 2006: 187).
64The plot against Nasser Khalil revealed the persistent influence of Ottoman imperial family, through Ömer Faruk, through the Egyptian royals, and through those of Iraq, with their longstanding alliances with the U.K. (and a new alliance with the U.S.). Heirs succeeded in selling the Mermer konak to the Turkish government, suggesting a “very clever” Tugay negotiated a property transfer on behalf of his wife’s family as part of his responsibilities to the Republic of Turkey’s III department.
65In Baghdad, in the midst of Rihab Palace preparations for the marriage of Namık’s cousin Princess Sabiha Fazila hanımsultan, Iraq’s Army killed members of the Hashemite royal family on 14 Tammuz 1958. Citizens of the newly-declared Republic of Iraq killed Nuri es-Said in the street three days later. Later that year, King Farouk’s Egyptian citizenship was revoked.
66Recognizing the multiple significations of Château de Champs-sur-Marne (once a private home; once, also, a guest house for visiting heads of state from nations whose boundaries were never sufficient to contain their own histories); acknowledging, too, that the boundaries of Egypt are never sufficient to contain Egypt’s history (Provence, 2011, 2017), this article questions documents from three historical periods in order to trace the persistence of institutions and laws from World War II, through the war, and into the Cold War (Gienow-Hecht, 2012).
67A struggle between transnational and national elements continued to unwind across subsequent decades. In Egypt, jailors at Tora Prison released Mahmud Namık’s body with an official statement the 49-year old had “succumbed to a heart attack” in custody. In the territories of the former Empire’s allies, Oxford University published Emine Hanım’s memoirs, as Neslişah Sultan’s diamond parure fell under an auctioneer’s hammer in London. Ex-King Farouk died during 1965, in Rome.
68The man who had been Turkey’s ambassador in Egypt was a “phantom of Empire” Fuad Tugay died in İstanbul (1967), followed by his wife Emine Hanım (1973). Egypt’s president Anwar es-Sadat pardoned Ahmed Murtada Maraghi five years later. Hanzade Sultan died in Paris (1998), her sister Necla Sultan in Madrid (2006), and their sister Neslişah Sultan in İstanbul as well (2012).
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