While it’s certainly quick and painless just to use our percentage calculator, you don’t always have access to a computer or a smartphone. Also, it’s just plain cool to be able to perform calculations in your head. Maybe not as cool as juggling flaming torches, but close.

The percentage tells you how number A relates to number B. A real-world example could be: there are two girls in a group of five children. What’s the percentage of girls? In other words, we want to know what’s the ratio of girls to all children. It’s 2 out of 5, or 2/5. We call the first number (2) a numerator and the second number (5) a denominator because this is a fraction. To calculate the percentage, multiply this fraction by 100 and add a percent sign. 100 × numerator / denominator = percentage. In our example, it’s 100 × 2/5 = 100 × 0.4 = 40. Forty percent of the group are girls. That’s the entire procedure of converting between decimal fractions and percentages.

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Do you have problems with simplifying fractions? The best way to solve this is by finding the GCF (greatest common factor) of the numerator and denominator and dividing both of them by GCF.

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Let’s go the other way around and try to find the numerator. Say we know that 70 percent of fruits in the basket are apples, and there are 30 fruits altogether. It could be worse — they could be lemons. So how many apples do we have? Let’s get our percentage formula: 100 × numerator / denominator = percentage. We want to find out the numerator. Let’s move all the other parts of the equation to the other side. Divide both sides by 100 (to get rid of 100 on the left) and then multiply both sides by the denominator. This is what we get: numerator = percentage × denominator / 100. Let’s substitute percentage and denominator with our values: numerator = 70 × 30 / 100. Now it’s easy: numerator = 2100 / 100 = 21, we have 21 apples. Should be enough for lunch or a rather violent food fight.

Now let’s solve a problem with an unknown denominator. We spent 30 percent of our pocket money on bubble gum (we never said we’re great investors). We bought 12 sticks for $1 each. So we know that $12 was 30 percent of our total budget. How much money did we have before we almost literally blew it all away? Let’s start with our formula: 100 × numerator / denominator = percentage or 100 × 12 / denominator = 30. This time we want to find out the denominator. Let’s multiply both sides by the denominator and then divide by percentage. This way, we’ll get 100 × 12 / 30 = denominator. And the other way around, denominator = 100 × 12 / 30 = 1200 / 30 = 40. We had 40 dollars, and we spent 30 percent, or $12, on bubble gum. Totally worth it.

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