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1 Image 1530-1800s, Europe, The Bellows Method, first used by Swiss physician Paracelsus. Reprinted by permission from Chicago’s Museum of Science and Industry.
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2 Baker AB. Artificial Respiration, The History of An Idea. Medical History. 1971;15(4):336-351. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1034194/pdf/medhist00129-0028.pdf
3 Cakulev I, Efimov IR, Waldo AL. Cardioversion: Past, Present, and Future. Circulation. 2009; 120:1623-1632. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2782563/ ; Driscol TE, Ratnoff OD, Nygaard OF. The remarkable Dr. Abildgaard and countershock. The bicentennial of his electrical experiments on animals. Ann Intern Med. 1975;83(6):878-82 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1106286
4 Trubuhovich RV. History of mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing. Part 2: the 18th century. Crit Care Resusc. 2006;8(2):157-71. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16749887
Return to 1800s
5 Baskett TF. The Holger Nielsen method of artificial respiration. Resuscitation. 2007;74:403-405. https://www.resuscitationjournal.com/article/S0300-9572(07)00168-2/abstract
6 Baskett TF. Silvester’s technique of artificial respiration. Resuscitation.2007;74:8-10. https://www.resuscitationjournal.com/article/S0300-9572(07)00019-6/abstract
Photo courtesy of Laerdal Medical Corporation. 1856-Marshall Hall Method. Chest elevated, a victim is pulled up on his side momentarily, then rolled back. Pressure on back expelled air.
7 Baskett TF. Silvester’s technique of artificial respiration. Resuscitation. 2007;74:8-10. https://www.resuscitationjournal.com/article/S0300-9572(07)00019-6/abstract
Photo courtesy of Laerdal Medical Corporation. 1861-Silvester Method Victim on back, arms over head. Arms moved forward, folded on chest and pressed. Tongue held, keeping air passage open.
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8 Vallejo-Manzur F, Varon J, Fromm Jr R, Baskett P. Moritz Schiff and the history of open-chest cardiac massage. Resuscitation. 2002;53:3-5. https://www.resuscitationjournal.com/article/S0300-9572(02)00028-X/abstract
9 Hurt R. Modern cardiopulmonary resuscitation—not so new after all. JR Soc Med. 2005;98(7):327-331. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1168923/
10 Taw Jr. R. Dr. Friedrich Maass: 100th Anniversary of “New” CPR. Clin Cardiol. 1991;14:1000-1002. https://acilci.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Dr.-Friedrich-Maass-100th-Anniversary-of-New-CPR.pdf
Return to 1900 to 1940s
11 Crile G. Blood Pressure in Surgery: an experimental and clinical research. Cartwright prize essay for 1903. https://archive.org/stream/b21510842/b21510842_djvu.txt
12 Hurt R. Modern cardiopulmonary resuscitation—not so new after all. J R Soc Med. 2005;98(7):327-331. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1168923/
13-14 Beaudouin D. W.B. Kouwenhoven: Reviving the Body Electric. Johns Hopkins Engineering. 2002(Fall):27-32. https://engineering.jhu.edu/magazine/2002/09/w-b-kouwenhoven-reviving-body-electric/#.YRQjGMpKiUl
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15 Sands RP, Bacon DR. An Inventive Mind: The Career of James O. Elam, MD (1918-1995). Anesthesiology. 1998;88:1107-1112. http://anesthesiology.pubs.asahq.org/Article.aspx?articleid=1947621
Image Dr. Safar performs mouth-to-mouth resuscitation in Baltimore, 1957. Reprinted by permission from the Safar Center for Resuscitation Research.
16 Sands RP, Bacon DR. An Inventive Mind: The Career of James O. Elam, MD (1918-1995). Anesthesiology. 1998; 88:1107-1112. http://anesthesiology.pubs.asahq.org/Article.aspx?articleid=1947621
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17 Beaudouin D. W.B. Kouwenhoven: Reviving the Body Electric. Johns Hopkins Engineering. 2002(Fall):27-32. https://engineering.jhu.edu/magazine/2002/09/w-b-kouwenhoven-reviving-body-electric/#.YRQjGMpKiUl
Image A Hopkins Closed Chest Defibrillator. Photo courtesy of Johns Hopkins Magazine.
Image (l to r)Dr. James Jude, William Kouwenhoven, and Guy Knickerbocker. Reprinted by permission from the Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Society.
Return to 1960s
18 Tjomsland, Nina. Saving more lives – together. The vision for 2020. 2015. Laerdal Medical Corporation.
Three variations of Resuscitation Anne manikin heads. Photo courtesy of Laerdal Medical Corporation.
Return to 1970s
19 History. Medic One Foundation website. https://www.mediconefoundation.org/who-we-are/history/
Dr. Leonard Cobb. Photo courtesy of the Medic One Foundation.
Return to 2000s
20 History of the American Heart Association. American Heart Association website. https://www.heart.org/en/about-us/history-of-the-american-heart-association
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