Apache Shaman. The spiritual leader of a small group of Chiricahua Apaches led by Naiche. He was born a Bedonkohe, raised after his father’s death by the Chihenne (Warm Springs) people led by Mangas Coloradas, and later mostly aligned himself with the Chokonen People and the Nednai. His boyhood name was Goyaałé, or “one who yawns.” The Mexicans dubbed him Geronimo, the Spanish version of Jerome, or “sacred name.” He raided in both Mexico and in the United States, and was hunted by both governments. In 1877, the US Government rounded up the Apaches, and settled them on the San Carlos Reservation in Arizona. Many Apache were unhappy with the failure of the Bureau of Indian Affairs to keep their promises. In 1878, Geronimo left the reservation with his followers, only to return in 1880. In 1882, Geronimo left again, fleeing to the Sierra Madre Mountains in northern Mexico, from where Apaches would raid into the US, using the border as a shield against pursuing troops. During one of his raids into Arizona, General George Crook entered Mexico with a small force of only 50 soldiers, discovered Geronimo’s camp, and captured it with all of the Apache women and children. Upon his return to his camp in Mexico, Geronimo was forced to surrender to General Crook. In exchange for Geronimo’s surrender and return to the White Mountain Reservation, General Crook promised to look into Apache grievances, a promise that he kept. With just 50 soldiers, Crook had captured 123 warriors and 251 women and children, and returned the Apache to their reservation. Although the Apaches kept the peace on the reservation, many whites thought General Crook too soft on the Indians. Rumors and newspaper stories convinced the public that Geronimo was a blood-thirsty savage, raiding farms and ranches, and murdering settlers. On May 17, 1885, Geronimo and his followers left the reservation, only to surrender again to General Crook on March 25, 1886. Before Crook could take them back to the reservation, someone provided the Apaches with whiskey, and alcohol-fueled imaginations fearing a double-cross that would result in their hangings, sent Geronimo and 24 followers to escape again. General Crook was reprimanded by the War Department, and he was replaced by General Nelson Miles. General Miles immediately dispatched 5,000 soldiers, and nearly 5,000 civilian irregulars, to pursue Geronimo. He was largely unsuccessful until he adopted Crook’s tactics, such as the use of Apache scouts. Geronimo and Naiche were tracked down in September 1886. They realized there was no escape, and surrendered for the last time. Geronimo and his followers were shipped as captives to Florida, then to Mount Vernon Barracks, near Mobile, Alabama, until 1894, when the remnants of the Chiricahua were relocated to Fort Sill, Oklahoma. Geronimo spent the remainder of his life selling photographs of himself and hand-made trinkets to visitors, and drinking heavily. One night, in a drunken stupor, he fell asleep and fell out of his wagon in the middle of a road near Lawton, Oklahoma, during a rainstorm. He developed pneumonia, and died within a day. He was about 80 years old. Geronimo was buried at Fort Sill under a spread-winged stone eagle in the Indian Cemetery, despite his often-expressed wish that he be allowed to return to the Arizona lands he loved.

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Apache Shaman. The spiritual leader of a small group of Chiricahua Apaches led by Naiche. He was born a Bedonkohe, raised after his father’s death by the Chihenne (Warm Springs) people led by Mangas Coloradas, and later mostly aligned himself with the Chokonen People and the Nednai. His boyhood name was Goyaałé, or “one who yawns.” The Mexicans dubbed him Geronimo, the Spanish version of Jerome, or “sacred name.” He raided in both Mexico and in the United States, and was hunted by both governments. In 1877, the US Government rounded up the Apaches, and settled them on the San Carlos Reservation in Arizona. Many Apache were unhappy with the failure of the Bureau of Indian Affairs to keep their promises. In 1878, Geronimo left the reservation with his followers, only to return in 1880. In 1882, Geronimo left again, fleeing to the Sierra Madre Mountains in northern Mexico, from where Apaches would raid into the US, using the border as a shield against pursuing troops. During one of his raids into Arizona, General George Crook entered Mexico with a small force of only 50 soldiers, discovered Geronimo’s camp, and captured it with all of the Apache women and children. Upon his return to his camp in Mexico, Geronimo was forced to surrender to General Crook. In exchange for Geronimo’s surrender and return to the White Mountain Reservation, General Crook promised to look into Apache grievances, a promise that he kept. With just 50 soldiers, Crook had captured 123 warriors and 251 women and children, and returned the Apache to their reservation. Although the Apaches kept the peace on the reservation, many whites thought General Crook too soft on the Indians. Rumors and newspaper stories convinced the public that Geronimo was a blood-thirsty savage, raiding farms and ranches, and murdering settlers. On May 17, 1885, Geronimo and his followers left the reservation, only to surrender again to General Crook on March 25, 1886. Before Crook could take them back to the reservation, someone provided the Apaches with whiskey, and alcohol-fueled imaginations fearing a double-cross that would result in their hangings, sent Geronimo and 24 followers to escape again. General Crook was reprimanded by the War Department, and he was replaced by General Nelson Miles. General Miles immediately dispatched 5,000 soldiers, and nearly 5,000 civilian irregulars, to pursue Geronimo. He was largely unsuccessful until he adopted Crook’s tactics, such as the use of Apache scouts. Geronimo and Naiche were tracked down in September 1886. They realized there was no escape, and surrendered for the last time. Geronimo and his followers were shipped as captives to Florida, then to Mount Vernon Barracks, near Mobile, Alabama, until 1894, when the remnants of the Chiricahua were relocated to Fort Sill, Oklahoma. Geronimo spent the remainder of his life selling photographs of himself and hand-made trinkets to visitors, and drinking heavily. One night, in a drunken stupor, he fell asleep and fell out of his wagon in the middle of a road near Lawton, Oklahoma, during a rainstorm. He developed pneumonia, and died within a day. He was about 80 years old. Geronimo was buried at Fort Sill under a spread-winged stone eagle in the Indian Cemetery, despite his often-expressed wish that he be allowed to return to the Arizona lands he loved.

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