Freudian theory of personality
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- Freud proposed that the mind is divided into three components: id, ego, and superego and that the interactions and conflicts among the components create personality.
- According to Freudian theory, the id is the component of personality that forms the basis of our most primitive impulses. The id is entirely unconscious, and it drives our most essential motivations, including the sexual drive (libido) and the aggressive or destructive drive (Thanatos).
- According to Freud, the id is driven by the pleasure principle — the desire for immediate gratification of our sexual and aggressive urges. The id is why we smoke cigarettes, drink alcohol, view pornography, tell mean jokes about people, and engage in other fun or harmful behaviours, often at the cost of doing more productive activities.
Key Points According to Freud psychoanalytic theory:
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The id
- The id is the primitive and instinctive component of personality.
- It consists of all the inherited (i.e., biological) components of personality present at birth, including the sex (life) instinct – Eros (which contains the libido), and the aggressive (death) instinct – Thanatos.
- The id is the impulsive (and unconscious) part of our psyche that responds directly and immediately to basic urges, needs, and desires.
- The personality of the newborn child is all id and only later does it develop an ego and super-ego.
The super-ego
- It operates on the basis of morality which is driven by the moral conscience of an individual.
- The superego incorporates society’s values and morals, which are learned from one’s parents and others.
- It develops around the age of 3 – 5 during the phallic stage of psychosexual development.
The ego
- It is the realistic part that mediates between the desires of the id and the super-ego.
- The ego of an individual operates on the basis of the reality principle i.e.,
- The ego is ‘that part of the id which has been modified by the direct influence of the external world.’
- Freud made the analogy of the id being a horse while the ego is the rider. The ego is ‘like a man on horseback, who has to hold in check the superior strength of the horse.’
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