For a more accurate measurement a viscometer will be needed. A viscometer is any device that is designed to measure viscosity. There are a lot of types of viscometers available ranging in price and with varying ranges of viscosity measurement. First, there are two different types of viscosity measurement.
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- Kinematic Viscosity is dependent on the density of the liquid. There are a variety of units of measure, but the most common is centistokes, abbreviated cSt.
- Dynamic Viscosity is dependent only on shear stress or forces involved in the deformation of the liquid. There are a variety of units of measure, but the most common is centipoise, abbreviated cP.
Conversion between the two is very easy using the following equation:
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cSt x specific gravity = cP AND cP ÷ specific gravity = cSt
Let’s look at a few of the most common examples of each type of viscometer.
- Kinematic Viscometers
- VISCOSITY CUPS – A specific measured volume cup with a small orifice at the bottom. Viscosity cups work on the same pour test described above but are calibrated to ensure that an accurate measurement can be taken. The time required to completely drain the cup through the orifice is measured. The longer the time, the higher the viscosity. In some cases, the time itself is the unit of viscosity measurement. Examples include Saybolt Seconds Universal (abb. SSU or SUS) or Saybolt Seconds Furol (abb. SSF or SFS). Others feature an easy conversion for the time in seconds directly into centistokes. There are a wide variety of cups available including Ford, Zahn, Shell, and Craftsman and even different numbers based on orifice size and the range of viscosities they’re calibrated to measure. These are low cost and can be dipped into the liquid to allow measurement at the point of use.
- CAPILLARY TUBES – A specific volume of fluid is placed in a U-shaped glass tube with two bulbs. Time is measured for how long it takes the fluid sample to pass from one bulb to the other. Like cup viscometers these come in a variety of sizes depending on the range of viscosities they’re designed to measure. These are popular in lab environments where smaller samples are to be measured.
- CONSISTOMETERS – A sloped tray with markings along its length to measure the distance a product will flow over a specified time. A spring-loaded gate near the top of the tray is opened to allow the liquid to flow down across the markings. These are popular in the paint, ink, and food industries as they are easy to clean and can measure the consistency of shear sensitive liquids. One drawback is that they are not a true viscometer and won’t return a specific kinematic unit of viscosity…quantifiable, yes, but not directly convertible into traditional units of viscosity. For this reason, they’re often paired with dynamic viscometers.
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