The glaciers of Antarctica have a harsh, inhospitable environment, making it low in species diversity. The Lesser Sunda Islands in Indonesia is relatively new, so there are not many species that have colonized it, also making it species-poor.
But, as with other species-poor areas, the few species that are able to inhabit it can proliferate because it does not have many other species to compete with for resources like food.
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On the other hand, areas near the equator-such as the Amazon Rainforest-tend to have higher species diversity. There are many explanations as to why this is the case. One explanation is that there are more diverse habitats and ecological niches towards the equator. Another explanation points to the higher amount of energy at the equator, this is known as the latitudinal diversity gradient (Fig. 2).
Highest Species Diversity
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High species diversity can be found in a variety of ecosystems around the world. Here are some examples:
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Tropical rainforests: These forests are home to a wide variety of plant and animal species, including a large number of endemic species that are found nowhere else on Earth. For example, the Amazon rainforest is estimated to contain around 10% of the world’s known species.
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Coral reefs: Coral reefs are incredibly diverse marine ecosystems, with a vast array of fish, invertebrates, and other organisms living in and around the reef. The Great Barrier Reef in Australia is home to over 1,500 species of fish and 600 species of coral.
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Grasslands: Grasslands are often overlooked for their diversity, but they are home to a wide range of plant and animal species. The African savanna, for example, is home to large herbivores like elephants and giraffes, as well as predators like lions and hyenas.
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Wetlands: Wetlands are important habitats for a variety of species, including birds, fish, amphibians, and reptiles. The Florida Everglades, for example, is home to over 400 species of birds and is considered one of the most biodiverse areas in North America.
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Coastal forests: Coastal forests are rich in biodiversity, with a wide variety of plant and animal species adapted to the unique conditions of the coast. The Pacific Northwest rainforest in North America is home to a diverse array of species, including bears, wolves, and bald eagles.
How is Species Diversity Different from Genetic Diversity and Ecosystem Diversity?
Species diversity is one out of three levels of biodiversity, the total variety of life on Earth. The two other levels of diversity are genetic diversity and ecosystem diversity.
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