Ductility is a crucial property that describes the ability of a material to be stretched, pulled, or drawn into a thin wire or thread without breaking. It is a property associated mainly with metals and determined by the number of electrons and how they are arranged within the atom. The more electrons a metal has, the greater its ductility. High ductility is essential in applications like structural beams and cables, while low ductility makes a material brittle and more likely to break before deforming.
This article provides an overview of ductility, its importance, how to calculate ductility, and examples of ductile materials. It also discusses the factors that affect ductility, including chemical composition, grain size, and cell structure.
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What Is Ductility?
Ductility is a physical property of a material that describes its ability to be stretched, pulled, or drawn into a thin wire or thread without breaking. It is the measure of how much a material can be deformed or elongated under stress before it fractures. Ductility is typically a property that is associated mainly with metals. Metallic bonds are formed between the atoms in metals. This simply implies that electrons from each atom are free to flow between one another. This characteristic also enables the metal’s atoms to slide past one another, allowing the metal to be stretched.
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The ductility of a metal is determined by the number of electrons and how they are organized within the atom. Around the atom’s nucleus, electrons are arranged in rings, each of which is referred to as an electron shell. Any metal’s valence electrons are the ones that are located in the outermost shell and migrate within the metal. In general, the most ductile metals are those with the greatest numbers of outer shell electrons and electron shells. A metal’s valence electrons become more mobile as its temperature rises, improving the metal’s ductility.
What Is the Importance of Ductility?
Ductility is a very important property when it comes to structures. Structures with ductility can flex and deform to some degree without rupturing. High ductility is important in applications like structural beams and cables. It is also possible to create wires out of ductile metals.
What Are Examples of Ductile Materials?
The majority of metals, including: gold, silver, erbium, copper, terbium, and samarium, are excellent examples of ductile materials; whereas non-metals are generally not ductile. Tungsten and high-carbon steel are, however, two examples of metals that are not highly ductile.
What Is the Most Ductile Metal?
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The most ductile natural metals are gold, platinum, and silver. All of which can be stretched into fine wires and used for jewelry. Copper is another extremely ductile metal that is frequently used for electrical wires.
What Does High Ductility Mean?
A material with a high degree of ductility is more likely to distort than to break. A material with high strength and ductility will be tougher compared to a material with low strength and ductility. Brittle materials have restricted strain values; so while they may be strong, they lack toughness.
What Does Low Ductility Mean?
A material with low ductility is brittle and will break before deforming when subjected to a tensile force.
How To Calculate Ductility?
Ductility is reported as a percentage of elongation (seen in Figure 1 below), or sometimes as the percentage of area reduction. The following equations can be used to calculate ductility:
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