As the field of orthopaedic surgery evolves, practitioners are expected to gain familiarity with both the rapidly expanding literature and research methodology. This is especially true of trainees, who will shape the future of orthopaedic practice and innovation. Although many medical students gain research skills from mentors during undergraduate and medical school, no universal training requirements exist to provide all physicians with research competency. Orthopaedic surgery residents must meet necessary Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) requirements for research and publication; however, this limited exposure to research precludes mastering the skills that allow for continued, successful research. In addition, as both the business and regulatory aspects of medicine become more complex, most orthopaedic surgeons lack specific expertise and training in these fields.

Although not all physicians need to conduct high level research, business leadership, or legal advocacy, a subgroup of physicians have pursued these interests through formal graduate education. As an example, physician-scientist training programs, specifically the National Institutes of Health (NIH) funded Medical Scientist Training Programs (MSTP), and non-NIH funded MD-PhD training programs, are designed to give physicians specific skills to combine research with clinical practice. In comparison with orthopaedic surgery, other medical and surgical fields have more successfully recruited physician-scientists,1-3 who are formally trained in research methodology, funding procurement, and the peer-review process. These same skills are valued and emphasized in orthopaedic residency and academic practice, yet there has been a consistent lack of recruitment of graduate research trained medical students to orthopaedic surgery over the past 40 years.4 Similarly, individuals who pursued graduate degrees in public health, business, or law are well suited to navigate complex policy, business, and legal relationships in modern medical practice. Given their background, they have the ability to promote and protect the role of orthopaedic surgery in healthcare systems.5

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Although low recruitment of MD-PhD physician scientists to orthopaedic surgery has been reported previously,4,6,7 the contribution of orthopaedic surgeons with any formal graduate education beyond a medical doctorate to the academic orthopaedic community remains unknown. The purpose of the current study was to quantify and characterize the proportion of academic faculty from all ACGME-accredited orthopaedic surgery residency programs in the United States who hold additional graduate degrees and to investigate the present recruitment trends of dual-degree students into orthopaedic surgery.

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