Presentation on theme: “Plant Science Agriscience Applications. The Uses of Plants Without plants, the web of life cannot exist. Basic Part of the Food Chain Most of our.”— Presentation transcript:
1 Plant Science Agriscience Applications
2 The Uses of Plants Without plants, the web of life cannot exist. Basic Part of the Food Chain Most of our clothing comes from Plants Our homes are constructed primarily from plant materials. Many of our recreational activities revolve around plants. Plants are essential in cooling our planet, purifying our air and the production of oxygen.
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3 Applied Plant Sciences Agronomy – the science of field crop Horticulture – the science of producing, processing and marketing fruits, vegetables and ornamental plants Olericulture – the science of vegetable production Pomology – the science of fruits and nuts Ornamentals – the growing and using of plants for beauty and recreation.
4 Forestry – the science of growing trees and producing wood products.
5 Seven Categories of Plants Grain crops Sugar and oil crops Fiber crops Vegetable crops Fruit and nut crops Forage crops Turf and ornamentals
6 Understanding Plants Major Plant Parts Roots Steams Leaves Flowers
7 Functions of Roots Two Primary Purposes Anchor the Plant Absorb water and nutrients
8 Roots Often the largest part of the plant Squash can have miles of roots Adventitious roots Found in places unexpected Poison ivy Mistletoe
9 Root Two types of systems 1.Taproot- main root that usually grows down Carrots 2.Fibrous roots- thin, hair like, and numerous Grass Corn
10 Root Tissue Root hairs – Fine hair like roots Root cap- outermost part of a root hair Tough cells that penetrate the soil Pushes through soil partials
11 Stems Supports plants parts such as the leaves, flowers and fruits. There are two types of above ground stems Woody – hard and usually has bark Herbaceous – soft, full of water.
12 Leaves Manufactures food for the plant Makes food using light energy Plant food is sugar Called Photosynthesis Light Carbon dioxide + water = sugar + oxygen
13 Leaves Help in the identification of plants Leaf margins Shape and size varies with each species Simple leaves Compound leaves
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15 Flowers Functions to produce seeds Types of flowers Basic attractive flower like a rose Ugly inconspicuous flowers like on an pine tree Pollination The union of male pollen with the female part of the flower
16 Fruit / Seeds Product of a Flower – Fruit / Seed They develop in the female part of the flower It enlarges to be come a fruit. Not all fruits are pretty and not all seeds are edible.
17 The Plant Process
18 1. Photosynthesis A series of processes in which light energy is connected to chemical energy to form a simple sugar Plant cells have chloroplast which contains chlorophyll Simple sugars are produced (glucose) Carbon dioxide is used Oxygen is produced
19 Photosynthesis 6CO 2 +6H 2 OC 6 H 12 O 6 +6O 2 Carbon Dioxide Water Glucose Oxygen
20 Factors Affecting Photosynthesis Light intensity Temperature Amount of Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere
21 Slowing Photosynthesis Low Carbon dioxide lowers lowers photosynthesis Greenhouses can have low carbon dioxide levels Carbon dioxide generators are often used to increase levels.
22 Slowing Photosynthesis Low Light Dark rooms Light intensity matters Temperature Best at 65-85 degrees Fahrenheit Extreme temps, high or low, can stop photosynthesis Ranges can vary from plant to plant.
23 2. Respiration Food is used Energy is released Oxygen is used Carbon dioxide is produced Occurs in both light and dark
24 Transpiration Release of water vapor from the stomata 90% of the water entering the roots 10% is used in chemical processes Functions: cooling transportation maintaining turgor pressure
25 Plant Reproduction
26 Two types of propagation: Sexual use of seed for reproducing plants only way to obtain new varieties and hybrid vigor often least expensive and quickest Asexual Vegetative – the use of parts of a plant to reproduce itself.. exact duplicate of the parent plant
27 Parts of the Flower Stamen (male part) Filament Anther- manufactures pollen Pollen- male sexual reproductive cell
28 Parts of the Flower Pistil (female part) Stigma- receives the pollen Style- connection to the ovary Ovary- contains the ovules or female reproductive cells
29 Parts of the Flower Petals (corolla) Colored part of the flower Attract insects or other natural pollinators
30 Parts of the Flower Pollen Stamen (Male)Anther Filament Stigma StylePistil (Female) Ovary
31 Flower Parts Anther Filament
32 The Seed Parts of the seed: Seed Coat offers protection Sometimes it is very hard and must be scarified (damaged) to promote germination. Endosperm supplies food for the seed Embryo is the young plant
33 Germination The process in which seeds start to sprout and grow Requires four environmental factors: 1. Water 2. Air 3. Light 4. Temperature
34 Asexual Propagation Cuttings are vegetative parts of the plant: Parts of the plant used for cuttings leaves roots stems
35 Other Asexual Propagation Methods Layering – Method of producing roots on the stems while it is still attached to the parent plant. Division – Method of dividing or separating the main part of the plant into smaller parts. Grafting – Method of joining two separate plants together as one. Tissue Culture or Micropropagation – Method of using very small part of a plant to produce unlimited numbers of new plants. Cloning is accomplished by this process
36 Producing or Growing Plants
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37 Plant Growing Media Soil is the top layer of the earth’s surface and is the primary medium for cultivated plants. Other Types of Media Sphagunm moss Perlite – volcanic glass, great for starting new plants, and is uses in many media mixes
38 Soil and Plant Media Vermiculite – mineral mica-type material and is great for stating plant seeds, cuttings, and media mixes Peat Moss – used in media mixes for its water holding ability.
39 Factors Affecting Plant Growth
40 1. Soil pH The amount or percentage of Hydrogen in the Soil. Improper pH affects availability of nutrients Ph Scale
41 Amending soil pH
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43 Lime is usually applied as finely ground dolomitic limestone calcium magnesium
44 2. Fertilizers A material added to the soil to supply plants with needed minerals.
45 Meeting the Needs of the Plant Macronutrients – Needed in large amounts Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O) Nitrogen (N) Phosphorus (P) Potassium (K)
46 Calcium (Ca) Magnessium (Mg) Sulfur (S) Micronutrients – Needed in small amounts Chlorine (Cl) Manganese (Mg) Iron (Fe)
47 Zinc (Zn) Copper (Cu) Boron (B)
48 Fertilizers Basic Fertilizers contain Nitrogen-Phosphorus-Potassium Example: 10-10-10 (10%N, 10%P, and 10%K)
49 Fertilizers Fertilizers must become soluble (liquid form) before they can be used by plants Organic fertilizers Manure Bone meal (phosphorus) Soybean meal
50 Fertilizers Organic fertilizers slow acting long lasting lacking some primary nutrients Inorganic _ Commercial fertilizer High level of nutrients
51 Fertilizer Application Methods Broadcasting – spreading evenly over the entire surface. Side-dressing – placing fertilizer in bands about 8 inches from growing plants Chemigation – mixing soluble fertilizers into the water supply system. Foliar Application – Spraying fertilizer directly onto the leaves of plants.
52 Careers in Plant Science Forest Careers – careers related to growing, managing and harvesting trees for wood and its by-products Forester Helps with the science of growing trees Forest Ranger Management of forest including fire prevention Logging Foreman Supervise the harvesting of trees
53 Careers in Plant Science Horticulture Careers are as varied as the industry itself Floriculture- flower production and use Floral designer Flower grower Greenhouse manager Retail florist Wholesale florist Interiorscaper
54 Careers in Plant Science Landscape and nursery- plants used around homes and businesses for aesthetic purposes Floriculture (Horticulture) Landscaping and nursery (Horticulture) Greenskeeper- cares for golf courses Lawn Care and Maintenance Landscaper- installs plants Landscape architect Nursery operator- grows trees and shrubs Turf farmer- grows turf (grass) for sale
55 Careers in Plant Science Fruit, Vegetable and Nut Production – the production of edible horticulture crops Plant Breeder Processing Plant Worker Marketing Specialist Production Worker Pest Management
56 Careers in Plant Science Field Crop Production – the production of field crops such as corn, peanuts, hay, etc. Equipment Designers Fertilizer Dealers Farm Chemical Supply Crop Scouts Grain Brokers Transportation Specialists
57 Which is a horticulture related career? ? Timber cruiser ? Broiler producer ? Wholesale florist ? Forest ranger
58 Which career is involved in the harvesting phase of forestry? ? Forest ranger ? Tree planter ? Logging foreman ? Forester
59 Which career is in forestry? ? Florist ? Logging foreman ? Greenhouse manager ? Landscaper
60 Landscape architects are a part of the horticulture industry because they: ? Plant landscapes. ? Shoe horses. ? Design landscapes. ? Treat animals for disease.
61 Which career is involved with plants grown around the home for aesthetic purposes? ? Forester ? Landscaper ? Wholesale florist ? Floral designer
62 Which career relates to plant science? ? Veterninarian ? Logging foreman ? Farrier ? Greenskeeper
63 Which career supplies flowering plants to a florist? ? Greenhouse manager ? Forest ranger ? Floral designer ? Landscape architect
64 The BEST tool to use when shaping shrubbery into a continuous row for screening is the: ? Hedge shears. ? Lopping shears. ? Pruning shears. ? Chainsaw.
65 The best tool to use when pruning limbs in high places is the: ? Pole pruner. ? Chainsaw. ? Pruning shears. ? Lopping shears.
66 What tool is BEST when cutting bushes and undergrowth? ? Lopping shears ? Bulb planter ? Chainsaw ? Bush axe
67 The BEST tool to use when preparing a plant to be joined to another plant asexually is/are: ? Pruning shears. ? A tube cutter. ? A grafting tool. ? Lopping shears.
68 What is the BEST tool used to set out tree seedlings? ? Bulb planter ? Shovel ? Planting bar ? Rake
69 The BEST tool to use when cutting large trees and limbs is the: ? Pruning saw. ? Chain saw. ? Auger. ? Pole pruner.
70 The BEST tool to use when sawing limbs from shrubbery and trees is the: ? Pruning saw. ? Half hatchet. ? Lopping shears. ? Hedge shears.
71 What is the BEST tool to cut large branches when pruning shrubs that are hard to reach? ? Bush axe ? Hedge shears ? Chainsaw ? Lopping shears
72 The BEST tool to use when pruning small limbs to shape shrubbery is the: ? Pruning saw. ? Pole pruner. ? Pruning shears. ? Floral scissors.
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73 Soil pH affects the availability of: ? Microbes in the soil. ? The structure of the soil. ? The land class of the soil. ? Nutrients in the soil.
74 Sulfur is used to lower soil pH so that the soil will become more: ? Eroded. ? Acidic. ? Alkaline. ? Porous
75 Lime raises the soil pH level so that the soil becomes more: ? Acidic. ? Alkaline. ? Eroded. ? Porous.
76 Which plant growing media is a mineral mica-type material? ? Perlite ? Peat moss ? Soil ? Vermiculite
77 What is applied to lower the pH value of soil? ? Sulfur ? Fertilizer ? Sand ? Lime
78 Which plant growing media is a volcanic ash material? ? Vermiculite ? Perlite ? Peat moss ? Soil
79 What type of fertilizer is animal manure? ? Lime ? Complete ? Inorganic ? Organic
80 A procedure of fertilizer application used on row crops where the fertilizer is placed in bands about 8 inches from the row is known as: ? Side-dressing. ? Broadcasting. ? Foliar application. ? Top-dressing.
81 The three primary nutrients supplied in a complete fertilizer are: ? Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium ? Carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. ? Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. ? Calcium, magnesium, and sulfur.
82 Organic fertilizers made from dried and pulverized manure are: ? Caustic to plants and can cause injury. ? Slow acting and long lasting. ? In soluble form and quickly available to plants. ? Balanced sources of plant nutrients.
83 What form must most nutrients become before they can be absorbed by a plant? ? Gas ? Air ? Liquid ? Solid
84 Foliar application of fertilizer is applied by: ? Spraying the fertilizer on the leaves of the plant. ? Sprinkling the fertilizer on the ground beside the plant. ? Injecting the fertilizer in the soil below the plant. ? Placing the fertilizer in a band on either side of the row.
85 What is the primary function of flowers? ? Radicles ? Fruit ? Seeds ? Food
86 The primary function of the stem is: ? To support other plant structures. ? To produce flowers. ? To anchor the plant. ? To produce fruit.
87 The primary function of the leaf is: ? To support other plant structures. ? To produce fruit. ? To produce flowers. ? To manufacture food for the plant.
88 The major types of root systems are: ? Cell division and fibrous. ? Fibrous and taproot. ? Fibrous and root cap. ? Cuttings and root hairs.
89 The primary function of the root is to: ? Ensure that the plant can be propagated. ? Hold up the stem of the plant and provide propagation material. ? Make sure that the plant will grow. ? Anchor the plant and supply water and nutrients.
90 The part of the plant that is responsible for development of seed is the: ? Stem. ? Petiole. ? Flower. ? Leaf.
91 Photosynthesis can be enhanced in the greenhouse: ? By keeping all ventilation equipment turned off. ? By using a fertilizer injector. ? With a carbon dioxide generator. ? By using black plastic to cover plants at night.
92 John discovers the house plant foliage is yellowing and stunted when compared to another house plant grown next to a window. What is the likely cause? ? Low light intensity hindered food production and photosynthesis in the stunted plant ? Water was not available for the stunted plant ? The stunted plant was too cold since it did not get enough direct sunshine ? The stunted plant was making too much food
93 Photosynthesis may be affected in enclosed conditions such as a greenhouse because of: ? Too much chlorophyll in the plant. ? A shortage of food. ? A shortage of carbon dioxide. ? Extremely cold temperatures.
94 Jan discovered that plants requiring high light intensity can not be grown well under greenhouse tables because: ? Plants get too much water from dripping plants. ? Low light intensity hinders food making process of photosynthesis. ? High light levels damage foliage and cause leaf burn. ? Plants root in the ground instead of in their pots.
95 Antonio is concerned that the photosynthesis process is too slow in his plants because the heat in his greenhouse was cut down by accident. What temperature range will photosynthesis work best in? ? 85 to 95 degrees Fahrenheit ? 50 to 60 degrees Fahrenheit ? 65 to 85 degrees Fahrenheit ? 60 to 70 degrees Fahrenheit
96 The rate at which photosynthesis is carried out depends on the amount of: ? Respiration carried on during the daylight hours. ? Light intensity, temperature, and carbon dioxide. ? Oxygen in the atmosphere. ? Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the water.
97 The female part of a flower is called the: ? Anther. ? Pistil. ? Petal. ? Filament.
98 Food for the seed is stored in the: ? Embryo. ? Seed coat. ? Endosperm. ? Radicle.
99 Food for the seed is stored in the: ? Embryo. ? Seed coat. ? Endosperm. ? Radicle.
100 Pollen is produced in the stamen by the: ? Stigma. ? Anther. ? Filament. ? Pistil.
101 The purpose of petals in flowers is to: ? Hide the plant from animals. ? Attract insects for pollination. ? Store food for young seeds. ? Support the stamen.
102 The three parts of a seed are: ? Root, seed coat, and endosperm. ? Seed coat, endosperm, and embryo. ? Root, stem, and flower. ? An embryo, cotyledon, and new plant.
103 Sexual reproduction in plants is the propagation of plants by: ? Roots. ? Seeds. ? Flowers. ? Stems.
104 When a seat coat is damaged to encourage germination, the process is called: ? Scarfication. ? Pollination. ? Grafting. ? Cloning.
105 The purpose of a seed coat is to: ? Store genetic material. ? Protect the seed. ? Store food. ? Filter light.
106 Tissue culture may be used for: ? Sexual reproduction. ? Cloning. ? Disinfecting. ? Sterilization.
107 Propagation is defined as: ? The only way to propagate some species and cultivars. ? The process of increasing the number of a species. ? The union of an egg and sperm. ? A cheaper method of propagation than with seeds.
108 Grafting is: ? A method by which two plants are propagated. ? A type of sexual propagation. ? A method of joining two different plants. ? A type of hybridization
109 The propagation method where a plant is separated into smaller parts is: ? Division. ? Grafting. ? Tip layering. ? Air layering.
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