What is childhood cancer (pediatric cancer)?

Childhood or pediatric cancer describes a group of cancers that affect children (infants to age 14) and teenagers (age 15 to age 19). Childhood cancer isn’t common, but when it happens, it changes the lives of children with the condition, their parents and caregivers.

Thanks to newer treatments tailored to their needs, more than 80% of children and teenagers were alive five years after a cancer diagnosis. But childhood cancer treatment casts a long shadow. Survivors of childhood cancer have increased risk of second cancers and other medical conditions.

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What are common childhood cancer types?

There are three groups of childhood cancers: leukemias and lymphomas, brain tumors and solid tumors. The American Cancer Society estimates that 415 in 1 million children and teenagers will learn they have one of these cancers in 2023.

Leukemias

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Leukemias are the most common childhood cancer. The American Cancer Society estimates that in 2023, 53 children in 1 million and 35 teenagers in 1 million will learn they have leukemia. The two main types of leukemia in children and teenagers are:

• Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), which is cancer in your child’s blood and bone marrow. ALL affects the blood cells that help your child fight infection.
• Acute myeloid leukemia. There are different types of AML but they all affect your child’s blood cells and platelets.

Lymphomas

Lymphomas are cancers in your child’s lymphatic system. There are two lymphoma classes: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. In 2023, an estimated 53 children in 1 million and 22 teenagers in 1 million will learn they have lymphoma.

Hodgkin lymphoma

Hodgkin lymphoma is the most common cancer diagnosed in teenagers but it may affect younger children. Childhood Hodgkin lymphomas are:

• Nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma, which typically affects teenagers.
• Mixed cellularity Hodgkin lymphoma, which may affect children younger than age 10.

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

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Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is more common in teenagers than in children. Non-Hodgkin lymphomas in childhood cancers include:

• Lymphoblastic lymphoma.
• Burkitt lymphoma.
• Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
• Anaplastic large cell lymphoma.

Brain tumors

Brain tumors are the most common cancer affecting children and teenagers. Brain tumors can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). There are many types of brain tumors. In 2023, an estimated 33 children in 1 million and 21 teenagers in 1 million will be diagnosed with cancerous brain tumors.

Solid tumors

Solid tumors develop when cancerous cells divide, multiply and eventually bunch up into masses made of cancerous cells. Children and teenagers may develop solid tumors throughout their bodies. Other common solid tumor childhood cancers include:

• Neuroblastoma.
• Wilms tumor.
• Retinoblastoma.
• Bone cancer, including osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma.
• Rhabdomyosarcoma.

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