December 28, 2022
True or False: It is not necessary to remove the ceramic insulator from a stud shear connector in composite construction.Answer: False. It is necessary. Section 7.4.6 in AWS D1.1 states: “After welding, arc shields shall be broken free from studs to be embedded in concrete, and, where practical, from all other studs.” This is required for visual inspection of the weld.
December 21, 2022
True or False: For conventional composite girder-slab bridges, the effective flange width is the corresponding tributary width of the deck perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the member.Answer: True.
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December 14, 2022
True/False.Structural steel shapes rolled in the United States consist of 85% recycled steel content. Answer:False. Structure steel shapes rolled in the United States consist of 93% recycled steel content.
December 7, 2022
What document specifies that all column base plates must be designed and fabricated with a minimum of four anchor rods?a. AISC 360b. ASTM F1554c. OSHA Regulationsd. AISC Design Guide 1Answer: c. This is required per OSHA regulations. See Section 1926.755(a)(1) of the 29 CFR Standards for Steel Erection. Note that posts (which weigh less than 300 lb.) are excluded from the four-anchor-rod requirement. OSHA requirements are summarized on page 2-6 of the Manual.
November 30, 2022
True or False: The AISC Code of Standard Practice provides five classifications for levels of work in architecturally exposed structural steel (AESS).Answer: True. Section 10 provides five levels (1, 2, 3, 4, and Custom). These levels are increasingly demanding and provide a method to better match expectations, applications, needs, and costs.
November 23, 2022
True or False: The critical stress in a fillet weld is considered to be a tensile stress.Answer:False. Tension, compression and moments acting upon a fillet-welded joint are always resolved as shear in the weld throat—i.e., the least diagonal dimension.
November 16, 2022
True or False: If a beam is specified to have 1 in. of camber and is received by the fabricator with 3/4 in. of natural camber, it is necessary to camber the member an additional 1/4 in.Answer:False. The AISC Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges (ANSI/AISC 303, aisc.org/specifications) states, in Section 6.4.4: “For beams that are specified in the contract documents with camber, beams received by the fabricator with 75% of the specified camber shall require no further cambering.”
November 9, 2022
ASTM A123 is a common specification for which construction material?a. Washersb. Shop primerc. Zinc coatingsd. Anchor rodsAnswer: c. Galvanizing
November 2, 2022
For plate girder design without longitudinal stiffeners, the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications state that the web D/tw ratio must be less or equal to:a.100b.150c.200d.250Answer: b. 150.
October 26, 2022
True/False. A fillet weld should be sized based on the thickness of the thinner of the two materials being joined.Answer:True: In accordance with Specification Section J2.2-2b(b)(1) a fillet weld shall not be greater than the thickness of any material it is joining.
October 19, 2022
ASTM A563 is a specification for which construction material?a. Structural boltsb. Nutsc. Turnbucklesd.Anchor rodsAnswer:b. Nuts
October 12, 2022
When detailing a steel beam, which dimensions on the drawings are typically drawn to scale?a. length and depth b. length and widthc. width and depthAnswerc. width and depth
October 5, 2022
Which of the following situations may require the reduction in available bolt shear strength?a. Where a bolt passes load through a filler greater than or equal to 1/4 in.b. Where bolts are used in an end-loaded connection with length exceeding 38 in.c. Where the bolt is subjected to combined shear and tension loading in a bearing-type connection.d. All the above.Answer:d. All the above situations may require the reduction of the available shear strength of a bolt. AISC Specification Section J5.2(a) provides a reduction factor to use when a bolt passes load through a ¼ in. or larger filler. The footnote “b” in AISC Specification Table J3.2 states “For end loaded connections with a fastener pattern length greater than 38 in. (950 mm), Fnv shall be reduced to 83.3% of the tabulated values.” AISC Specification Section J3.7 includes the provisions for a bearing-type bolt subject to shear and tension. While this section provides equations that will reduce the nominal tensile strength of a bolt due to the presence of shear stress, the User Note in this section state that “Also note that Equations J3-3a and J3-3b can be rewritten so as to find a nominal shear stress, F’nv, as a function of the required tensile stress, ft.
September 28, 2022
For a fillet welded T-joint, what is the maximum gap allowed between pieces before the weld size must be increased by the gap size?a. 1∕32 in. b. 1∕16 in.c. 1∕8 in. d. ¼ in.Answer:b. 1∕16 in., the same as the increment between weld sizes. See Clause 5.21.1 in AWS D1.1 and Design Guide 21 Section 3.5.11 for more information.
September 21, 2022
What is the minimum length for a fillet weld without reduction of design strength?a. The weld sizeb. Twice the weld sizec. Four times the weld size d. Eight times the weld sizeAnswer:c. The strength of fillet welds not meeting this criterion may be calculated with size taken as one-quarter of the length, per AISC Specification J2.2c.
September 14, 2022
Which end-loaded fillet weld geometry results in a higher strength-to-volume ratio? a.¼-in. size × 24-in. lengthb.¼-in. size × 48-in. lengthAnswer:a. Strength-to-volume ratios would be equal, were it not for the penalty on end-loaded fillet welds longer than 100 times their size per AISC Specification J2.2d. Increases in length result in less uniformity in stress distribution, owing to complex effects of relative stiffnesses in addition to shear lag. The condition does not frequently occur in practice.
September 7, 2022
Which fillet weld geometry results in a higher strength-to-volume ratio? a.½-in. size × 12-in. lengthb.¼-in. size × 24-in. lengthAnswer:b. Strength, which is proportional to the product of length and size, is the same for each choice. Volume, which is proportional to the product of length and size squared, is half as much for choice b. BONUS: It should be noted that relative volume is an indirect indication of relative cost. Since labor, not material, dominates fabrication costs, the number of passes required to produce the weld can be a better indication of cost. Table 8-12 of the AISC Steel Construction Manual (www.aisc.org/manual) indicates that the ½-in. fillet weld will require four passes, whereas a ¼-in. fillet weld only requires one pass. The relative cost can be estimated as the product of the number of passes and their lengths.
August 31, 2022
Concerning fillet welds, the more transverse the load direction:a. the smaller the rupture surface and the lower the strengthb. the smaller the rupture surface and the higher the strengthc. the larger the rupture surface and the lower the strengthd. the larger the rupture surface and the higher the strengthAnswer:d. The transverse load orientation affords strength increase because the failure “plane” is a curved surface whose area is greater than the area defined by the effective throat extruded the length of the weld (the failure plane for longitudinally loaded fillet welds). See Design Guide 21 Section 3.5.7 for discussion.
August 24, 2022
For which of the following joint types does the maximum fillet weld size apply, per AISC Specification section J2.2b? a. Lapb. Buttc. Inside cornerd. TeeAnswer:a. The limits, based on material thickness, are intended to prevent melting away of exposed edges. Tee joints and inside corner joints do not have exposed edges. Butt joints cannot be joined with fillet welds. See Design Guide 21 Section 3.5.2 for images and further discussion.
August 17, 2022
The intent of Specification Table J2.4 (minimum fillet weld size) is to ensure sufficient:a. material quantityb. heat inputc. weld visibilityd. time spentAnswer: b. Assuming minimum weld sizes are made in a single pass (as the footnote in Table J2.4 indicates) there is a direct relationship between weld size and heat input. Sufficient heat input is required in order to achieve fusion and to slow cooling, preventing cracks that may otherwise occur. See Design Guide 21 Section 3.5.1 for more information.
August 10, 2022
True or False. A skewed single plate shear connection must be CJP welded to the supporting member?Answer:False. Fillet welds may still be used for certain shear plate thicknesses within a range skew angles. AISC Manual Table 10-14C is a design aid that provides the required fillet weld sizes for skewed single shear plate connections.
August 3, 2022
Which of the following statements are not true with respect to slip-critical connections?a. They have a lower strength per bolt compared to a bearing type configurationb. They are commonly specified to limit possible structural deformations when using oversized holesc. They are required when bolts are pre-tensionedd. They require more extensive bolt installation and inspection requirements compared to a snug tight bolted connectionAnswer:c. They are required when bolts are pre-tensioned
July 27, 2022
True or False: Only those materials listed under Section A3.1a of the AISC 360 Specification are approved for use under the Specification.Answer:False. The materials listed in Section A3.1a are explicitly approved for use under the Specification, but as per Section A3.1a of the Commentary in AISC 360, “Other materials may be suitable for specific applications, but the evaluation of those materials is the responsibility of the engineer specifying them.” In short, other materials can be used outside of those listed in Section A3.1a, but the specifying engineer must exercise due diligence in evaluating their suitability.
July 20, 2022
For a bolted connection, which of the following limit states will require the addition of 1/16 in. to the nominal bolt hole diameter?
a. Block shear ruptureb. Tension rupture c. Shear rupture d. All of the aboveAnswerd. AISC Specification Section B4.3 states that “In computing net area for tension and shear, the width of the bolt hole should be taken as 1/16 in. (2mm) greater than the nominal dimension of the hole.” All three of these limit states are rupture limit states that use “net area” and the hole diameter must be increased by 1/16 in.
July 13, 2022
True or False: For cyclically loaded slip-critical joints, mechanically guided thermally cut holes are not permitted.Answer:False. Per the 2020 Specification for Structural Joints Using High-Strength Bolts, Section 3.3 it is stated, “For cyclically loaded slip-critical joints, mechanically guided thermally cut holes shall be permitted. For other cyclically loaded joints, thermally cut holes shall be permitted upon approval by the Engineer of Record.”
July 6, 2022
Which of the following bolts are permitted to be galvanized?
a.ASTM F3125 Grade A325b. ASTM F3125 Grade F1852c. ASTM F3125 Grade A490d.ASTM F3148Answer:ASTM F3125 Grade A325 bolts are permitted to be hot-dipped galvanized. ASTM F3125 Grade F1852 and ASTM F3148 bolts are permitted to be mechanically galvanized. All galvanizing is prohibited for ASTM F3125 Grade A490 bolts due to the potential for hydrogen embrittlement.
June 29, 2022
True or False: Thermal break material can be used in a bolted joint.Answer:False. The RCSC Specification continues to prohibit non-steel elements in bolted connections in structural steel joints. The 2020 RCSC Specification for Structural Joints Using High-Strength Bolts includes commentary on evaluating the use of thermal break material in a bolted joint.
June 22, 2022
In the AISC Specification, which of the following criteria defines a “rolled heavy shape”?a. When the shape weight exceeds 200 lb/ftb. When the shape weight exceeds 500 lb/ftc. When the flange thickness exceeds 2 in.d.When the weight of the fabricated member exceeds the capacity of a shop crane.Answer:c. Per AISC Specification, Section A3.1, “ASTM A6/A6M hot-rolled shapes with a flange thickness exceeding 2 in. (50 mm) are considered to be heavy rolled shapes”
June 15, 2022
True or False: Structural Stainless Steel members can be designed using the AISC Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (AISC 360)Answer:False. Due to the different stress to strain ratio of Stainless Steel to carbon steel, the provisions of AISC 370-21 Specification for Structural Stainless Steel must be used in designing stainless steel members.
June 8, 2022
True or False: Structural Stainless Steel members can be designed using the AISC Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (AISC 360)Answer:False. Due to the different stress to strain ratio of Stainless Steel to carbon steel, the provisions of AISC 370-21 Specification for Structural Stainless Steel must be used in designing stainless steel members.
June 1, 2022
Which of the following is true about the multipliers for accounting for second-order effects according to an approximate second-order analysis?a. The B1 factor accounts for story sway P-Δ effects.b. The B2 factor can be expressed in terms of story stiffness.c. The B2 factor should be modified by Cm to account for cases of moment gradient.d. All of the aboveAnswer:b. The B2 factor can be expressed in terms of story stiffness by use of AISC 360-16 Equation A-8-7. Note that the B1 factor, which accounts for P-δ effects, can be modified by the factor, Cm.
May 25, 2022
A shape defined as “slender for compression” in Part 1 of the AISC Steel Construction Manual…a. …will always have its compressive strength reduced because of that slenderness.b. …may have its compressive strength influenced by that slenderness.Answer: b. A shape may be “slender for compression” but still meet the requirements provided in AISC 360-16 Equation 7-2, in which case the compressive strength will not be influenced by the cross-sectional slenderness. Such will be the case for compression members with sufficiently high member slenderness.
May 18, 2022
True or False: Strain hardening is not a concern for cambering beams.Answer:True. Section 2.1 of the design guide states: “The range of strains induced in the steel material during cambering is well below the range where strain hardening occurs.”
May 11, 2022
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Which of the following statements are true about erection requirements for AESS:a.Tack welds not incorporated into final welds shall be ground smooth.b.All bolt heads in connections shall be on the same side, as specified, and consistent from one connection to another.c.Both “a” and “b” are correct.d.Both “a” and “b” are incorrect.Answer:c. Both of these requirements must be satisfied according to Section 10.6 of the AISC Code.
May 04, 2022
True or False: All structural analysis software programs are capable of accurately and directly modeling the P-Δ and P-δ (second-order) effects.Answer:False. Many, but not all, modern commercial structural analysis programs are capable of accurately and directly modeling all significant P-Δ and P-δ second-order effects. Programs that accurately estimate second-order effects typically solve the differential equations using a geometric stiffness approach or the use of stability functions. More information can be found in Section C2.1 of the Commentary to the AISC Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (ANSI/AISC 360-16, aisc.org/specifications).
April 27, 2022
When specifying camber on a beam, several aspects should be considered when calculating the theoretical deflection of the beam. Which is not one of these aspects?a.Increased connection restraintb.Possible deck span effectc.Span length reductiond.Live load effectsAnswer:d. Live load effects. Section A.2 of the design guide states that when specifying camber, it is important to consider how the effect of increased connection restraint, possible deck span effect, and possible span length reduction may combine to reduce deflection when calculating the theoretical deflection of beams at the column lines.
April 20, 2022
True or False: Castellated and cellular beams are not economically attractive alternatives for spans greater than 30 ft.Answer:False. As a result of expanding the web and introducing web openings, castellated and cellular beams have an increased depth-to-weight ratio, an increased section modulus, and increased strong-axis moment of inertia. These increase efficiency and make longer spans possible. More information can be found in AISC Design Guide 31: Castellated and Cellular Beam Design (aisc.org/dg).
April 13, 2022
True or False: A welded unreinforced flange-welded web (WUF-W) connection is designed such that the plastic hinge is located at a distance of d, the beam depth, away from the column face.Answer:False. Inelastic rotation is developed primarily by yielding of the beam in the region adjacent to the face of the column, whereas the protected zone consists of the portion of the beam between the face of the column and a distance one beam depth, d, from the face of the column. The Commentary to Section 8.1 provides additional information, saying, “The protected zone for the WUF-W moment connection is defined as the portion of the beam extending from the face of the column to a distance d from the face of the column, where d is the depth of the beam. Tests on WUF-W moment connection specimens show that yielding in the beam is concentrated near the face of the column, but extends to some degree over a length of the beam approximately equal to its depth.”
April 6, 2022
In some cases, heat cambering will be the costlier option compared to simply increasing the beam’s size. What is a reasonable estimate for beam weight addition in lb/ft?a.1 lb/ftb.10 lb/ftc.50 lb/ftd.100 lb/ftAnswer:b. Section 3.2 of the design guide states that a good rule of thumb for heat cambering cost of a 20-ft-long beam would be the equivalent of adding 10 lb/ft in beam weight. Check with your local fabricator on their preferred method of cambering.
March 30,2022
True or False: Bolt orientation is a category-specific requirement for AESS.Answer:False! Bolt orientation is not a category-specific requirement. Section 10.6(f) states this provision generally. Thus all bolt heads should be on the same side and must be consistent from one connection to another. Section 10.2 (e) provides requirements for what is required to be indicated on Contract Documents regarding the orientation of bolt heads.
March 23,2022
True or False: For an ASTM A500 HSS (hollow structural section) member, the wall thickness used in design, tdes, is taken as the nominal wall thickness. Answer:False. ASTM A500/A500M tolerances allow for a wall thickness that is within ±10% of the nominal value. Because the plate and strip from which these HSS are produced have a much smaller thickness tolerance, manufacturers consistently produce them with a wall thickness that is near the lower-bound wall thickness limit. Consequently, the AISC Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (ANSI/AISC 360) requires, in Section B4.2, that 0.93 times the nominal wall thickness be used for the design wall thickness in calculations. Note that IDEAS2 winners Little Charlotte monumental stairs and Hartsfield-Jackson Airport modernization prominently use HSS members.
March 16, 2022
True or False: Mill camber should be considered additive to the camber specified to counterbalance some of the anticipated structural deflections.Answer:False. Any natural camber that exists in the member upon delivery to the fabricator from the mill is not a concern when cambering because those initial out-of-straightness variations will be superseded by the imposed camber.
March 9, 2022
Which AESS category is likely to be specified for a steel member/assembly with a viewing distance of 17 ft?a. AESS 1b. AESS 2c. AESS 3d. AESS 4Answer: AESS 3. Section 10.1.1 of the AISC Code defines the five categories of AESS. AESS 3 shall be specified for feature elements viewed at a distance less than 20 ft.
March 2, 2022
True or False: High-strength slip-critical bolts are permitted to share the load with existing rivets in both new work and structural alterations.Answer:True. In connections designed as slip-critical, high-strength bolts are permitted in combination with rivets. This is noted in Specification Section J1.10.
February 23, 2022
AISC 342 is planned to replace the ASCE 41 provisions for seismic evaluation and _____ of steel buildings.a. repairb. designc. retrofitd. calculationAnswer:c. retrofit.
February 16, 2022
The 2020 edition of the AISC 207 standard contains a new chapter addressing which of the following? (Choose one.)a. Metal component manufacturerb. Fracture-critical requirementsc. Hydraulic metal structuresd. Sophisticated paintingAnswer:c. Hydraulic metal structures.
February 9, 2022
True or False: A reduced beam section’s uncut flange width should be used conservatively when checking the width-to-thickness ratio limitations found in Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings (ANSI/AISC 341) Table D1.1.Answer:False. AISC 358 Section 5.3.1(6) requires the calculation of the width-to-thickness ratio for the flanges to be based on a value of bf not less than the flange width at the ends of the center two-thirds of the reduced section, provided that gravity loads do not shift the location of the plastic hinge a significant distance from the center of the RBS.
February 2, 2022
True or False: Only the limit states of flexural yielding and flexural rupture govern the flexural strength of elements of members at connections and connecting elements, such as plates, gussets, angles, and brackets.Answer:False. J4.5 of the Specification states: “The available flexural strength of affected elements shall be the lower value obtained according to the limit states of flexural yielding, local buckling, flexural lateral-torsional buckling, and flexural rupture.”
January 26, 2022
True or False: Fillet encroachment (riding the fillet on the beam) is not allowed.Answer:False. Page 10-7 of the Manual states: “Note that the element (clip angle) may encroach upon the fillet(s), as given in Figure 10-3.” This figure indicates how much the angle can encroach on the fillet.
January 19, 2022
What is the minimum thickness requirement for structural steel according to the AASHTO LRFD Specifications?a. ¼ in.b. 5⁄16 in.c. 3⁄8 in.d. ½ in.Answer: b. AASHTO LRFD Specifications Section 6.7.3 states that 0.3125 in. (5⁄16 in.) is the minimum thickness required for structural steel. This requirement generally governs for cross-frame and diaphragm members. AASHTO/NSBA Collaboration G12.1 recommends a minimum steel girder web thickness of ½ in. and a minimum steel girder flange thickness of ¾ in. Note that gusset plates used in trusses and orthotropic steel decks require other minimum thicknesses per Section 6.7.3.
January 12, 2022
True or False: For erection safety purposes, at least one bolt must be placed in each beam end of a typical shear connection.Answer:False. Page 10-7 of the Manual states: “A minimum of two bolts (one bolt in bracing members) must be placed for erection safety per OSHA requirements.”
January 5, 2022
True or False: Fireproofing is not required to achieve the fire rating of a SpeedCore system.Answer: True. The typical SpeedCore system is fireproof because of the concrete fill inside the steel panels.
December 29, 2021
True or False: If a beam is specified to have ¾ in. of camber and is received by the fabricator with 9⁄16 in. of natural camber, it is necessary to camber the member an additional 3⁄16 in.Answer:False. The AISC Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges (ANSI/AISC 303, aisc.org/specifications) states, in Section 6.4.4: “For beams that are specified in the contract documents with camber, beams received by the fabricator with 75% of the specified camber shall require no further cambering.”
December 22, 2021
True or False: Groove-welded splices in plate girders and beams shall develop the nominal strength of the smaller spliced section.Answer: True. This information is located in Section J6 of the Specification. Also, other types of splices in plate girder and beam cross-sections shall develop the strength required by the forces at the point of the splice.
December 15, 2021
True or False: It is required that the minimum length of a simple shear-framed connection be half the T-dimension of the beam to be supported.Answer:False. There is no requirement in the Specification or Manual for the minimum length (depth) of a simple shear connection to be one-half the T-dimension. The Manual provides the following recommendation on page 10-7: “It is recommended that the minimum length of simple shear framed connections be one-half the T-dimension of the beam to be supported. This provides for beam end stability during erection. When a beam is otherwise restrained against rotation about its longitudinal axis, such as is the case for a composite beam, the torsional end restraint is not critical.”
December 8, 2021
True or False: SpeedCore requires the same advance erection progress above the surrounding gravity framing as a reinforced concrete core.Answer:False. The steel components of a SpeedCore can be erected in sequence with the gravity framing and do not require the core to get ahead of the gravity framing, which is simpler and a big reason why the SpeedCore system goes so much faster.
December 1, 2021
True or False: Shear studs on collector beams can be used for composite flexural action in conjunction with lateral loading without considering the interaction of the two loads.Answer: True. The Commentary for Section I7 of the AISC Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (AISC 360, aisc.org/specifications) explains that it is not required to superimpose the horizontal shear due to lateral forces with the horizontal shear due to flexure for the determination of steel anchor requirements. Figure C-I7.1 demonstrates that lateral loads decrease the net shear in steel anchors within certain zones of the beam. Submitted by Sririam Sankaranarayanan.
November 24, 2021
True or False: For an ASTM A500 HSS (hollow structural section) member, the wall thickness used in design, tdes, is taken as the nominal wall thickness.Answer:False. ASTM A500/A500M tolerances allow for a wall thickness that is within ±10% of the nominal value. Because the plate and strip from which these HSS are produced have a much smaller thickness tolerance, manufacturers consistently produce them with a wall thickness that is near the lower-bound wall thickness limit. Consequently, the AISC Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (ANSI/AISC 360), available at www.aisc.org/standards, requires, in Section B4.2, that 0.93 times the nominal wall thickness be used for the design wall thickness in calculations.
November 17, 2021
True or False: In the manufacturing process of a buckling restrained brace (BRB), the bonding of steel with the mortar is prevented so as not to form a composite section.Answer:True. A BRB provides separation between the steel and mortar, with the mortar and surrounding steel casing providing restraint against buckling of the yielding segment in the center of the section. If a composite section is formed, this action would not be possible. This is illustrated in Figure C-F4.1 from the 2016 AISC Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings (ANSI/AISC 341), www.aisc.org/standards.
November 10, 2021
True or False: The AISC Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (ANSI/AISC 360, aisc.org/specifications) requires slip-critical connection faying surfaces to meet particular requirements to ensure an adequate coefficient of friction.Answer:True. The Specification states, in Section M3.3: “For slip-critical connections, the faying surface requirements shall be in accordance with RCSC Specification Section 3.2.2.” Depending on the class of surface required, a slip coefficient is determined. (The RCSC Specification is available at www.boltcouncil.org.) Submitted by Nazereth Galecia.
November 3, 2021
True or False: All exposed structural steel members that are in close proximity (with a viewing distance of under 20 ft.) must be categorized as architecturally exposed structural steel (AESS).Answer:False. Only members that are specifically designated as AISC AESS in the contract documents need to be categorized as AESS Category 1, 2, 3, 4, or C. (For more on AESS, including requirements for each category, see “Maximum Exposure” in the November 2017 issue.) A member designated as AESS placed at a viewing distance of less than 20 ft would be classified as AESS Category 3. Submitted by Bryan Gilliland, Sure Steel, Inc.
October 27, 2021
If a steel member is rolled out of Grade A572 Grade 50, which steel shape series does it likely belong to?a. S (American standard beams)b. HP (H-piles)c. W (wide-flanges)d. HSS (hollow structural sections)Answer:b. HP (H-piles). Table 2.4 in the 15th Edition AISC Steel Construction Manual lists ASTM A572 Grade 50 as the preferred material for HP shapes, but it is also available for other shapes as well. Availability should be confirmed with fabricators and producers before specification. For more information, see the April 2018 article “Are You Properly Specifying Materials?” Submitted by Hector Ocon, Army Corps of Engineers.
October 20, 2021
True or False: Many structural analysis software programs rely on the direct stiffness method to determine the reaction forces, nodal displacements, and rotations of members in a frame during a linear analysis.Answer:True. See Ron Ziemian’s 2007 NASCC session “Basic Introduction to Nonlinear Analysis” at aisc.org/education-archives.
October 13, 2021
Which of the following is not true?a. Simplicity of construction translates to better economy.b. Efficient connection design leads to reduced costs.c. An optimum design results in the least amount of material used.d. Greater economy can be achieved with fewer pieces.Answer:c. Least weight does not always translate to least cost. Many additional factors contribute to project cost, such as connection fabrication and erection procedures.
October 6, 2021
True or False: The engineer of record (EOR) should always specify bolt size and connection type on drawings, even when connection design is delegated.Answer:False. Providing the end reactions and allowing the fabricator to select the connection type and size to achieve the required strength provides more flexibility. It also typically leads to a more efficient configuration conducive to the shop’s capabilities as well as a more economical project for the owner.
September 29, 2021
True or False: Weathering steel corrosion resistance is enhanced by applying a coating system.Answer:False. When properly detailed and used in accordance with FHWA Technical Advisory 5140.22 (available at fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/t514022.cfm), weathering steel forms a protective oxide layer from its exposure to wet/dry cycles. The application of a coating system inhibits this process and only adds to the initial and long-term maintenance costs of the bridge. Research has shown that design and maintenance practices may be more influential than climate to the performance of weathering steel.
September 22, 2021
What is the term for a section that is capable of developing a fully plastic stress distribution and possessing a rotational capacity of approximately three before the onset of local buckling?a. Stiffened elementb. Compact sectionc. Slender sectiond. Unstiffened elementAnswer:b. Compact section. This definition is provided in the Specification glossary. Limiting width-to-thickness ratios for compact/non-compact sections can be found in Table B4.1b. Submitted by Jeremy Rollins, CLC Engineering.
September 15, 2021
Which of the following statements are true about erection requirements for AESS:a. Tack welds not incorporated into final welds shall be ground smooth.b. All bolt heads in connections shall be on the same side, as specified, and consistent from one connection to another.c. Both a and b are correct.d. Both a and b are incorrect.Answer:c. Both of these requirements must be satisfied according to Section 10.6 of the AISC Code.
September 8, 2021
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Can you install powder-actuated fasteners (PAFs) in the casing of a buckling restrained brace (BRB)?a. Yes, PAFs are permitted to be installed along the full length of brace.b. Yes, but only in the middle third of the casing.c. Yes, but only as specifically directed by the BRB manufacturer.d. No, PAFs are never permitted in the casing of a BRB.Answer:c. The core steel is considered the protected zone. From the outside of the brace, the core configuration cannot be verified, so there is a possibility of damaging the core steel if using a fastener that penetrates the casing, such as a PAF. This configuration can be coordinated with the manufacturer to allow certain sizes or locations of PAFs. Submitted by Shauna Kean, Coughlin Porter Lundeen.
September 1, 2021
True or False: All threaded components of a base plate fastener assembly (anchor rod) should be galvanized by the same process. Answer:True. Design Guide 1: Base Plate and Anchor Rod Design states, in Section 2.5: “Mixing of rods galvanized by one process and nuts by another may result in an unworkable assembly. It is recommended that galvanized anchor rods and nuts be purchased from the same supplier and shipped preassembled. Because this is not an ASTM requirement, this should be specified on the contract documents.” Submitted by Tiffany Rowan.
August 25, 2021
True or False: ASTM F3125 Grade A490 bolts are labeled as Group A, and Grade A325 bolts are labeled as Group B.Answer:False. Section J3.1 in the AISC Specification categorizes ASTM F3125 Grade A325 bolts as Group A and A490 bolts as Group B. Submitted by Tracy Donoghue, KPFF.
August 18, 2021
Which of the following backing materials are permissible to use without removal for prequalified CJP welds found in AWS D1.1?a. steel b. copperc. ceramic d. all of the above e. both a and bAnswer:a. Steel backing is “prequalified” by AWS D1.1 to be used without removal. AWS D1.1:2015 allows copper and ceramic backing to be used with prequalified welds if the following conditions were met: The prequalified joint detail does not contain steel backing or spacers, the joint is back-gouged, and the back-gouged joint is back-welded. More information can be found in AISC Design Guide 21: Welded Connections—A Primer for Engineers. Submitted by Rick Overgard, Atlantic Steel Detailing Services, edited by AISC.
August 11, 2021
If you wanted to minimize the magnetization of stainless steel, which of the following would be helpful?a. Minimizing weldingb. Using ferrite-free welding rodc. Using Type 304N or Type 316N instead of regular Type 304 or Type 316 steeld. Subsequent annealingAnswer:d. Subsequent annealing. AISC Design Guide 27: Structural Stainless Steel states, in Section 2.4: “Heavy cold working, particularly of the lean alloyed austenitic steels, can also increase magnetic permeability; subsequent annealing would restore the non-magnetic properties. For nonmagnetic applications, it is recommended that further advice be obtained from a steel producer.” Submitted by Richard de Campo, Poss Architecture + Planning.
August 4, 2021
What is the maximum difference between any two stair riser heights allowed by the International Building Code (IBC) on a single flight for dimensional uniformity? a. ⅛ in.b. ⅜ in.c. ½ in.d. ⅝ in.Answer:b. ⅜ in. Table 3-8 of Design Guide 34: Steel-Framed Stairway Design indicates that IBC 2015 Section 1011.5.4 requires a ⅜ in. variation in tread depth or riser height within a stair flight. Note that requirements must be verified with the local authority having jurisdiction, and OSHA 1910.25(b)(3) requires that treads and risers shall have uniform heights between landings. Submitted by Austin Dowell, Snyder Engineering.
Week of July 28, 2021
True or False: Any beam lengths are available from the steel mill.Answer:True, but steel must be ordered from a mill typically in bundles of at least 10 tons for each size and length. If the beams are ordered from a service center, they are available in 5-foot increments from 20 feet to 60 feet long.
Week of July 21, 2021
For a project that requires both AISC 360 and AISC 341, where can I find a list of all the items that are required for Special Inspection of structural steel?a. Chapter J of AISC 360b. Chapter N of AISC 360c. Chapter J of AISC 341d. Both b and cAnswer:d. Chapter N of AISC 360 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings and Chapter J of the Seismic Provisions contain all the provisions for Special Inspection of structural steel as required in the IBC.
Week of July 14, 2021
True or False: The Workable Gage dimensions in Table 1-1 of the Manual are mandatory.Answer:False. These gages are listed to ensure that bolts can be inserted and tightened. Any gage can be used as long as the edge distance requirements are met and the bolts can be inserted and tightened.
Week of July 7, 2021
Which of the following is generally more true of steel construction today?a. Least weight is always least cost.b. Lowest pounds per square foot is always the best design.c. The project with the overall lowest cost of construction (least labor) is the winner, regardless of the steel metrics.d. None of the above.Answer:c. The project with the overall lowest cost of construction (least labor) is the winner, regardless of the steel metrics.
Week of June 30, 2021
True or False: Base plates and cap plates using stiffener are generally more economical than using thicker plate materials.Answer: False: The fabrication costs of those stiffeners can quickly add to the cost of the base and cap plates, driving up costs.
Week of June 23, 2021
True or False: Stiffeners and doublers are cheaper than upsizing beams and columns to eliminate them.Answer:False. Stiffeners and doublers are almost always more expensive than designing heavier members whenever possible because of the labor of making and welding them in place.
Week of June 16, 2021
Name a commonly overused weld symbol that can easily drive up project costs when not judiciously applied:a. Weld all roundb. Complete joint-penetration groove weldsc. Triple axel fillet weldsd. Both a and bAnswer: d.
Week of June 9, 2021
True or False: There is minimal difference in cost between single and double-pass welds.Answer:False. Overspecifying weld sizes is very expensive and time-consuming especially when the resulting size is no longer a single-pass weld.
Week of June 2, 2021
True or False: Most HSS column connections require through-plates.Answer:False. It’s only the rare HSS column that has a wall thin enough to require a through-plate; most can support a single plate welded to the face without the costly extra work.
Week of May 26, 2021
Slip critical connections should be used only _____:a. when the connection design doesn’t trust their calculations.b. when specific cases call for them in the RCSC Specification and its Commentary.c. for economical steel structures.d. unless the drawings indicate otherwise.Answer:b. when specific cases call for them in the RCSC Specification and its Commentary.
Week of May 19, 2021
Complete the sentence: ______-sided connections (single plates, single angles, tees, etc.) make erection easier, faster, and safer.a. Threeb. Lopc. Doubled. OneAnswer:d. One
Week of May 12, 2021
True or False: The Steel Construction Manual is AISC’s only source of design examples and design tables for structural steel design.Answer:False. The Companion to the 15th Ed. Manual (a two-volume set), available at aisc.org/manualresources, is filled with extra design examples and design tables for 65- and 75-ksi W-shapes.
Week of May 5, 2021
True or False: The exterior steel plates of SpeedCore walls require no additional fire protection.Answer:True. SpeedCore does not require external fire protection materials.
Week of April 28, 2021
As the most sustainable structural material in the nation, structural steel is often described as a:a. cradle-to-gate materialb. cradle-to-cradle materialc. cradle-to-bottle substanced. none of the aboveAnswer:b. cradle-to-cradle material.
Week of April 21, 2021
True or False: In steel bridges, the lightest cross-frame design is always the best cross-frame design.Answer:False. Consistent and more standard girders and cross-frames are usually better than less weight.
Week of April 14, 2021
True or False: Providing actual loads on drawings generally allows connection design to proceed faster and more economically with fewer RFIs.Answer: True. When actual reactions and moments are provided, connection designers have essential information for developing efficient designs.
Week of April 7, 2021
True or False: Lighter shapes are always faster and cheaper to fabricate.Answer:False. In some cases, bumping up the member size can eliminate costly fabrication details or the need for camber in the shop.
Week of March 31, 2021
Structural steel shapes rolled in the United States consist of what percentage of recycled steel content?a. 13%b. 41c. 78%d. 93%Answer:d. 93% recycled steel content!
Week of March 24, 2021
Which of the following describes a process where the structural steel fabricator provides input during the conceptual and design phases of a project to increase construction speed and decrease costs?a. early engagementb. design-bid-buildc. late arrangementd. handshake agreementAnswer:a. early engagement.
Week of March 17, 2021
True or False: A connection that requires ½ inch of fillers is required to have the bolt capacity reduced by 10%.Answer:True: Section J5.2 requires that if the fillers exceed ¼ inch, the shear strength of the bolts shall be multiplied by 1 – (0.4)(t – 0.25). So for ½ inch of fills the factor is 1 – (0.4)(0.5 – 0.25) = 0.90.
Week of March 10, 2021
True or False: Slip Critical bolts must be checked for bearing as well as slip.Answer:True: Slip Critical bolts may slip into bearing, therefore the material and the bolt must be check to confirm it will meet the requirements for bearing.
Week of March 3, 2021
True or False: The distance between standard holes in a bolted connection is required to be 3 inches or greater.Answer:False: Section J3.3 of the Specification states, “The distance between centers of standard, oversized or slotted holes shall not be less than 2-2/3 times the nominal diameter of the fastener. However, the clear distance between bolt holes or slots shall not be less than d.” (d is the diameter of the bolt)
Week of February 24, 2021
True or False: The maximum bolt hole diameter is 1/16 inch larger than the bolt diameter.Answer:False: For holes 1 inch and larger in diameter, the bolt hole size is permitted to be 1/8 inch larger than the bolt diameter.
Week of February 17, 2021
True or False: If nothing is stated in the design documents or specification, all connections on a project are required to be fully tensioned.Answer:False: In Section J3 of the Specification it states, “Bolts to be tightened to a condition other than snug tight shall be clearly identified on the design drawings.”
Week of February 10, 2021
True or False: Given that section N6 of the AISC Specification states that QA (Quality Assurance) inspection is permitted to be waived by the AHJ (Authority Having Jurisdiction), this means that no NDT is required on such projects.Answer:False: The Commentary to Section N6 states, “Granting a waiver of QA inspections in a fabrication shop does not eliminate the required NDT of welds: instead of being performed by QA, such inspections are performed by the fabricator’s QC.”
Week of February 3, 2021
True or False: Round HSS sections that meet pipe dimensions are made from material meeting ASTM A53.Answer:False: Round HSS sections used for structural purposes are made from material meeting either ASTM A500 Grade C, A1085, or A1065. ASTM A53 is a specification for hydraulic pipe.
Week of January 27, 2021
True or False: A single plate shear connection (shear tab) with ¾-inch diameter bolts must have a plate thickness no more than 1 inch thick.Answer:True: A single plate shear connection plate shall not be thicker than 1/16 inch larger than the bolt diameter so that bolt plowing can occur to develop the required rotation in the connection.
Week of January 20, 2021
True or False: All HSS material shall be designed to consider the wall thickness as being 0.93 times the nominal wall thickness.Answer:False. While this is true for HSS material that is produced in accordance with ASTM A500, HSS material produced in accordance with ASTM A1085 and A1065 can be designed utilizing the full nominal wall thickness.
Week of January 13, 2021
True or False: A fillet weld should be sized based upon the thickness of the thicker of the two materials being joined.Answer: False. In accordance with Specification Section J2.2-2b(b)(1) a fillet weld shall not be greater than the thickness of any material it is joining.
Week of January 6, 2021
What is the basic cleaning requirement for steel in the AISC Code of Standard Practice when nothing else is specified in the contract documents?a. SP2b. white metal blast-cleanedc. ESPNd. SPF-30Answer:a. SP2.SSPC SP2 is specified in Section 6.5.2. of the AISC Code of Standard Practice. When alternative treatment is required, it must be specified in the contract documents.
Source: https://t-tees.com
Category: WHICH
