There are two main inspirations behind Leonard Cohen’s “Who by Fire”. First and foremost is the fact that this song is basically an extended version of part of a Jewish prayer known as the Unetanneh Tokef. Cohen was familiar with this prayer due to the fact that he was raised under said religion.

Second would have reportedly been Leonard’s experiences in Israel during 1973 and his support of the nation, who at the time was engaged in the Yom Kippur War.

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A Song of Death

With that noted, what we’re dealing with here, most simply put, is a song of death. For instance, the phrase “who by fire” would more fully read, in context, ‘who will die by fire’. And just as there are a million and one ways to leave this earthly plane, the vocalist goes on to mention a number of possible means by which a person can pass away, such as “by water” or “very slow decay”, in addition to noting various times in which such can transpire.

And yes, it does all sound kinda old school at first. But then Cohen gets to mentioning the likes of “barbiturate(s)” and “powder”, with the former supposedly being a reference to suicide and the latter, logically, overdosing on hard drugs like coke. Indeed, some will die by their “own hand”, while others “by accident”, at the “command” of someone else or what have you.

Who Shall I Say Is Calling?

What makes this piece more intriguing is that each verse concludes with the question “who shall I say is calling?”

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What that is supposed to mean, even with Cohen’s explanation is tow, isn’t really abundantly clear. But apparently it is along the same line as the rest of this song. Or as implied by some analysts, perhaps in the days of old, back when Unetanneh Tokef was first written, death was perceived more as an act of God.

Or in any event, as the legend goes, its lyrics were composed by a rabbi who was on the verge of dying a martyr, and of course such an individual would be thinking in a very spiritual way.

So what Leonard did was take a particular segment of Unetanneh Tokef and modernize it as a citizen of the 20th century. For instance, it was obviously not in the original author’s mind to include death by self-inflicted or self-induced causes, both of which though are kinda common nowadays.

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Or another way of looking at Leonard Cohen’s interpretation is that at the end of the day, no one really knows how they will go. And it is interesting to once again note that his visits to the frontlines of an actual war is what, in a sense, spurred all of this.

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So, it’s as if most war songs are focused on the bullet or the bomb. But since this one also sports an old-school, religious foundation lyrically, that would be what caused the singer/songwriter to take a grander look at death, which can in fact come about via innumerable means.

When was “Who by Fire” released?

Leonard Cohen (1934-2016) managed to put out 15 studio albums during his lifetime (with his entire discography being under Columbia Records, whom Leonard signed with circa 1967).

“Who by Fire” is from the fourth of those outings, a project titled “New Skin for the Old Ceremony”.

This song was officially released on 11 August 1974. The year prior, Cohen spent some quality time in Israel which, as noted earlier, was one of the inspirations behind this track.

Furthermore, there is a book about that entire experience which is named after this song, i.e. Who By Fire: Leonard Cohen in the Sinai (2022) by one Matti Friedman.

Credits for “Who by Fire”

Leonard Cohen wrote “Who By Fire”, and he produced the song with John Lissauer.

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