Why Do Some People Have Small Teeth

Most people only have an isolated case of microdontia. But in other rare cases, a genetic syndrome is the underlying cause.

Microdontia usually results from both inherited and environmental factors. The conditions associated with microdontia include:

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• Pituitary dwarfism. One of numerous types of dwarfism, pituitary dwarfism can cause what experts call true generalized microdontia, since all the teeth seem to be uniformly smaller than average.
• Chemotherapy or radiation. Chemotherapy or radiation during infancy or early childhood before the age of 6 can affect the development of the teeth, resulting in microdontia.
• Cleft lip and palate. Babies may be born with cleft lip or palate if their lip or mouth don’t form properly during pregnancy. A baby can have a cleft lip, cleft palate, or both. Dental abnormalities are more common in the area of the cleft, and microdontia may be seen on the cleft side.
• Congenital deafness with labyrinthine aplasia, microtia, and microdontia (LAMM) syndrome. Congenital deafness with LAMM affects the development of the teeth and ears. People born with this condition might have very small, underdeveloped outer and inner ear structures, as well as very small, widely spaced teeth.
• Down Syndrome. Research suggests that dental abnormalities are common among children with Down syndrome. Peg-shaped teeth are commonly seen with Down syndrome.
• Ectodermal dysplasias. Ectodermal dysplasias are a group of genetic conditions that affect the formation of skin, hair, and nails and can also result in smaller teeth. Teeth are commonly conical-shaped, and many may be missing.
• Fanconi anemia. People with Fanconi anemia have bone marrow that doesn’t produce enough blood cells, resulting in fatigue. They may also have physical abnormalities like short stature, eye and ear abnormalities, misshapen thumbs, and malformations of the genitalia.
• Gorlin-Chaudhry-Moss syndrome. Gorlin-Chaudhry-Moss syndrome is a very rare condition that’s characterized by premature closure of the bones in the skull. This causes abnormalities of the head and face, including a flat appearance to the middle part of the face and small eyes. People with this syndrome often experience hypodontia, or missing teeth, too.
• Williams syndrome. Williams syndrome is a rare genetic condition that can affect the development of facial features. It can result in features such as widely spaced teeth and a wide mouth. The condition can also cause other physical abnormalities such as heart and blood vessel issues, as well as learning disorders.
• Turner syndrome. Turner syndrome, also known as Ullrich-Turner syndrome, is a chromosomal disorder that affects females. Common characteristics include short stature, a webbed neck, heart defects, and early ovarian failure. It can also cause a shortening in the width of a tooth.
• Rieger syndrome. Rieger syndrome is a rare genetic condition that causes eye abnormalities, underdeveloped or missing teeth, and other craniofacial malformations.
• Hallermann-Streiff syndrome. Hallermann-Streiff syndrome, also called oculomandibulofacial syndrome, causes skull and facial malformations. A person with this syndrome might have a short, broad head with an underdeveloped lower jaw, among other characteristics.
• Rothmund-Thomson syndrome. Rothmund-Thomson syndrome shows up as redness on a baby’s face and then spreads. It can cause slow growth, thinning skin, and sparse hair and eyelashes. It can also possibly result in skeletal abnormalities and abnormalities of the teeth and nails.
• Oral-Facial-Digital syndrome. The subtype of this genetic disorder known as type 3, or Sugarman, syndrome can cause malformations to the mouth, including the teeth.

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Microdontia may occur in other syndromes as well and is usually seen with hypodontia, which is fewer teeth than normal.

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