Here are some potential reasons why you may get diarrhea after drinking water.
High sulfate levels
High sulfate levels in your drinking water can cause diarrhea and dehydration, especially if your body isn’t used to it. Children and adults usually build a tolerance to sulfate levels after a few days.
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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set the maximum allowable sulfate level at 250 milligrams per liter. Amounts higher than this tend to have a bitter taste.
Osmotic diarrhea
Osmotic diarrhea occurs when components of your food stay in your bowel without getting absorbed and draw water into your intestines. Excess water in your bowel can lead to watery stools.
Potential causes include:
- malabsorption of lactose in milk products
- certain laxatives like lactulose and citrate of magnesia
- malabsorption of bile salts in people with Celiac disease
- infections like rotavirus that damage cells the cells lining your intestines
- exposure to cytotoxins produced by bacteria like Escherichia coli (E. Coli) or Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1
Water intoxication (water poisoning)
Water intoxication happens when you drink large amounts of water in a short period of time, which can dilute electrolytes in your blood and cause life threatening symptoms, such as:
- nausea and vomiting
- altered mental state
- confusion
- high blood pressure
- increased pressure around your brain (intracranial hypertension)
- diarrhea
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Water intoxication is frequently associated with water or other liquid drinking contests. Other causes include:
- drinking excessive water after exercise without replenishing electrolytes
- a condition called psychogenic polydipsia, which is compulsive water-drinking
- over-replenishing water if you have a condition causing high antidiuretic hormone levels
Irritable bowel syndrome
Your gastrocolic reflex helps control the mobility of food through your GI tract. When your stomach stretches, this reflex increases muscular contractions to help pass food through.
A problem with the gastrocolic reflex is a suspected cause of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). It’s thought that some people with IBS may have an overactive gastrocolic reflex that causes stool to pass quickly through the GI tract shortly after eating.
In theory, drinking a lot of water could stretch your stomach and provoke the gastrocolic reflex.
Dumping syndrome
Dumping syndrome is when food passes through your stomach too quickly, usually within 30 minutes of a meal. It can cause symptoms like:
- diarrhea
- bloating
- nausea
- abdominal pain
- stomach growling
Problems with the gastrocolic reflex are thought to potentially play a role in the development of dumping syndrome when the cause is unknown. Drinking large amounts of liquids can potentially trigger this reflex.
Traveler’s diarrhea
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Traveler’s diarrhea occurs when you’re traveling to areas where the food or water is contaminated with:
- bacteria
- viruses
- parasites
E. coli is the most common cause of traveler’s diarrhea, making up about 30% of cases. E. coli infection can lead to osmotic diarrhea.
Dysentery
Dysentery is a GI infection caused by bacteria or amoebae that can cause osmotic diarrhea. Potential bacterial causes include:
- Shigella
- E. coli
- Campylobacter
- Salmonella
Amebic dysentery is rare in the United States and usually develops in people who have recently visited tropical regions.
Medication use
Some medications can cause osmotic diarrhea, such as:
- magnesium-containing laxatives
- antacids
- the laxative lactulose
Food poisoning
Food poisoning develops when you consume food containing harmful bacteria. Some types of bacteria that cause food poisoning, such as E. coli, can cause osmotic diarrhea.
Other causes
Other potential causes of diarrhea after drinking water include:
- conditions that cause carbohydrate malabsorption, such as:
- lactose intolerance
- sucrose-isomaltose deficiency
- glucose-galactose malabsorption
- Crohn’s disease
- taking too many laxatives
- a cause unrelated to the water you’re working
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