Vinegar does not appear to cause the same types of immune system responses that those with food allergies experience (2).
Rather, an intolerance or sensitivity to one of the ingredients or chemical components of vinegar may cause a vinegar allergy.
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Though the symptoms of these reactions often mimic true food allergies, they are not quite the same (2, 3).
Some people may refer to these types of reactions as pseudoallergies (3, 4, 5).
The ingredients in vinegar that people may be sensitive to or intolerant of include (2, 6, 7):
- salicylates
- histamine
- sulfites
- acetic acid
Each of these chemical compounds can cause allergy-like symptoms in some individuals, which can range from mild to severe.
Salicylate sensitivity
Salicylates are types of salicylic acid.
They’re naturally present in some foods and beverages. Manufacturers also use synthetic forms in medications and other products (3, 8, 9, 10).
While salicylates are present in vinegar, the amount may vary depending on the type of vinegar and its ingredients (11).
For most people, salicylates are no cause for alarm. They’re often present in foods that are rich in vitamins and minerals, and they may even offer some health benefits (10).
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However, those with a salicylate sensitivity could experience allergy symptoms after consuming too much of these compounds (3).
Some people also have severe reactions to acetylsalicylic acid — the type of salicylate in aspirin. However, having a reaction to aspirin does not necessarily mean you’ll also be sensitive to vinegar (12).
Histamine intolerance
Histamine is another common compound in food and drinks. It’s likewise naturally present in your body (13, 14).
Histamine has many functions and plays an important role in inflammation, your body’s response to allergens, and your overall immune system (15).
Histamine intolerance is a condition in which histamine is not efficiently metabolized. Scientists still do not fully understand the condition (16, 17, 18).
That said, they believe a number of factors may cause it, including (13, 14, 16, 19):
- genetics
- enzyme deficiencies
- medications
- inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
- gut bacteria
- dietary intake
Vinegar not only contains histamine but also stimulates your body to release histamine (18).
Thus, individuals with a histamine intolerance may experience an array of side effects, ranging from mild to severe, after eating too much vinegar or other histamine-containing foods (19).
Sulfite sensitivity
Sulfites are chemical compounds that manufacturers sometimes use as food additives to help preserve foods. Some types are also present in cosmetics, medications, and other products (20).
They also occur naturally in some food and drinks — particularly in fermented liquids like wine, beer, and vinegar (20, 21, 22, 23).
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Many people can tolerate a moderate amount of sulfites without any difficulty. However, having a sulfite sensitivity means that you may experience adverse side effects after consuming larger amounts of these compounds (20).
Those with asthma or other allergies may be more likely to have a sulfite sensitivity. In fact, many of the symptoms of a sulfite sensitivity mimic those of asthma (6, 7, 20).
Some countries now require foods or drinks that are high in sulfites to state so on the label. Both the European Union and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) require products that contain more than 10 ppm (10 mg per kg) of sulfites to be labeled (6).
Acetic acid intolerance
Acetic acid is one of the main byproducts of the fermentation of ethanol or sugars into vinegar. Though the amount may vary, most vinegars contain around 5% acetic acid (24, 25, 26).
Some studies have shown that acetic acid may be responsible for some of the purported health benefits of vinegars, such as their antimicrobial effects and positive effects on blood sugar levels (27, 28, 29).
Some people may be intolerant of acetic acid, although this is not very common (7, 30).
A person is more likely to have an adverse reaction to acetic acid when they encounter the chemical in large amounts (26).
Still, some people may experience side effects after consuming acetic acid in vinegar orally or from direct skin exposure (26, 27).
Summary
Vinegar allergies typically result from a sensitivity or intolerance to one of the following chemical components of vinegar: salicylates, histamine, sulfites, or acetic acid.
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