Vulvodynia
Vulvodynia is chronic vulvar pain, burning, or other irritation that lasts at least three months. Vulvodynia is idiopathic, meaning there’s no clear cause. Symptoms can be unprovoked or provoked by touch.
Cyclic vulvodynia, or cyclic vulvitis, tends to change according to where you are in your menstrual cycle. The pain may get worse around your period, especially when you try to insert a tampon. In some cases, pain improves during the period.
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Although the exact cause of vulvodynia isn’t known, these may be contributing factors:
- previous vaginal infections
- allergies and skin sensitivities
- injury to the nerves around the vulvar
- hormonal changes
- pelvic floor weakness
- certain genetic disorders
Vulvodynia is estimated to affect up to 16 percent of women.
Yeast infection
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About 75 percent of women will have at least one vaginal yeast infection in their lifetime. It’s caused by an overgrowth of yeast. Some potential causes are:
- hormonal changes due to pregnancy or oral contraceptives
- antibiotics or topical antimicrobial agents
- douches or harsh feminine hygiene products
- wearing tight or poorly ventilated underwear or clothing
- unmanaged diabetes
It can hurt when you urinate, during intercourse, or when you try to insert a tampon. It can also involve a thick, white discharge.
Bacterial infection
A bacterial infection, or bacterial vaginosis, develops when your pH is out of balance. This can happen when you change sexual partners or if you douche. It can also cause foul-smelling discharge and burning during urination.
Folliculitis
Folliculitis is when small red bumps develop from infected hair follicles. It tends to occur on the outer labia.
Bartholin’s gland cyst
A Bartholin’s gland cyst can form on either side of the vagina when a gland becomes blocked. A painful cyst usually indicates infection.
Trichomoniasis
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Trichomoniasis is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by a parasite. Symptoms can include abnormal discharge with a strong odor, painful urination, and pain with intercourse or tampon use. In some cases, there’s also lower abdominal pain.
Vaginismus
Vaginismus is a painful involuntary spasm around the muscles of the vagina. This may happen during sexual intercourse, during a vaginal exam, or when you try to use a tampon. Some potential contributing factors are anxiety or a history of sexual abuse or trauma.
Vulvar cancer
Vulvar cancer is rare and slow-growing. Some risk factors may include having:
- vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia
- human papillomavirus (HPV) infection
- history of genital warts
Vulvar cancer can cause other symptoms such as:
- itching
- bleeding, even outside of your period
- changes to skin color or thickness
- lumps, bumps, or ulcers
Chronic pain conditions
In 2012, researchers found that those who have vulvodynia are more likely to have a one or more other chronic pain conditions such as:
- fibromyalgia
- interstitial cystitis
- irritable bowel syndrome
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